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Therio Final Exam Practice Questions > Mare Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Mare Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Clitoris of the mare

is embedded in ______ where there are sinuses located

A

clitoral fossa

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2
Q

Vestibulum separated from vagina by the ________

the SECOND barrier of bacterial contamination

A

vestibule vaginal seal

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3
Q

____ artery can cause severe hemorrhage when foaling

A

Uterine

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4
Q

Ovaries suspended high up in paralumbar fossa

by the _______ ligaments

A

broad

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5
Q

The _____ is ~ 10-15cm in length and is

the most sensitive organ of hormonal stimulation

in the mare; the 3rd and last barrier for bacterial contamination

A

Cervix

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6
Q

Cervix is always dilatable in mare due to absence of ________

A

fibrous rings

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7
Q

The cervix is very tight, prominent and easy to palpate under the influence of _______

A

progesterone

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8
Q

The cervix is low relaxed and moist under the influence of _______

A

estrogen

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9
Q

_______ and ________ are external reproductive organs

in the mare

A

Vulva and clitoris

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10
Q

The _________ is the site of

sperm storage, fertilization, and embryo transport

in the mare

A

Oviduct

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11
Q

The opening of the uterotubual junction opens

in response to ____

produced by the embryo.

If mare is not bred/oocyte not fertilized,

uterotubal junction will NOT open and unfertilized eggs will NOT come into the uterus

A

PGE (prostaglandin

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12
Q

Unfertilized ova retained in the ______ – NOT in uterus

A

oviduct

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13
Q

_________ of the ovaries is the site of ovulation

A

Ovulation fossa

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14
Q

Mare udders have 2 halves and each

half has ____ glands with 1 orifice each

A

2 glands

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15
Q

Horses are ________ breeders

_____ days stimulate the pineal gland to release melatonin that inhibits GnRH

A

seasonal LONG-day breeders

short days stimulate the pineal gland to release melatonin that inhibits GnRH

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16
Q

Mares are in anestrous during this season, but can

be induced to ovulate using artificial light

A

Winter

17
Q

What do you give to make a mare fall back into anestrous?

A

• GnRH 20-25 ugs TID IM 2-3w

18
Q

Which drugs can be given to horses to

reduce the length of the transitional period (spring and fall)?

A

Progesterone

Progestagens (ALTRENOGEST)

Dopamine antagonists (DOMPERIDONE, SULPIRIDE)

19
Q

FSH from the pituitary gland is produced in _____ phase,

meaning that at any time of the cycle, even during diestrus,

the mare will have FSH production

A

bimodal

20
Q

Because the mare is always producing FSH,

they grow ______ at anytime during their cycle

A

follicles

21
Q

In cow, high levels of estrogen give + feedback to simulate

this will allow for spike of LH

How is this different from the mare?

A

Mare: High levels of estrogen stimulate LH production

BUT has a very protracted increase of LH (does not spike),

may peak after ovulation

22
Q

_________ is secreted by CL and

will reach high levels for 13-15 d

A

PROGESTERONE

23
Q

What do you expect to see on an US

of a mare in estrus?

A

Hyperplasia/edema of uterine folds

Large dominant follicle

24
Q

What do you expect to find on rectal palpation

and vaginoscopy of a mare in estrus?

A

Hyperemic moist elongated vulva

Soft cervix

Turgid (swollen, congested) uterus

Presence of a follicle

25
Q

INTERESTRUS INTERVAL IS _____ days;

INTEROVULATORY PERIOD IS ____ days

A

Interestrus interval = 15 days

Interovulatory interval = 21 days

26
Q

Mares are in heat for ____ days

and show heat ______ hours after ovulation

A

4 - 5 days

24 - 48 hours after ovulation

27
Q

Which hormones can be used to

induce ovulation in mares?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

DESLORELIN INJECTABLE (SUCROMATE)

DESLORELIN PELLET (OVUPLANT)

RECOMBINANT LH (RLH)

28
Q

What are the advantages of Deslorelin over

hCG in inducing ovulation?

A

Highly effective • Wider window for treatment

29
Q

What are the ultrasonographic signs of ovulation in the mare?

A

Decreased turgidity

  • Loss of spherical shape
  • Apical area
  • Echoic spots in antrum
  • Serration of granulosa
  • EDEMA OF GRANULOSA CELL LAYER AND SERRATION (wrinkling) of granulosa cell layer.
30
Q

What is the last thing you see on ultrasound before

a mare ovulates?

A

Last thing you see is:

EDEMA OF GRANULOSA CELL LAYER AND SERRATION (wrinkling) of granulosa cell layer.

At this point, she is 2-4 hours away from ovulating

31
Q

IMPORTANT QUESTION!

To induce ovulation of a mid-diestrus follicle of 40mm

in diameter, we can use:

A: 2500 IU hCG

B: 1.5 mg Deslorelin

C: Luteolytic dose of Prostaglandin

D: All the above

E: None of the above

A

E: None of the above!!!!!!

If this was a mid-ESTRUS follicle, A or B would be correct!

32
Q

Anovulatory Hemorrhagic Follicles (AHF)

can cause a mare to fail to respond to

__________ agents

A

ovulatory inducing

33
Q

How is estrus induced in the mare?

A

Luteolysis using:

PROSTAGLANDIN PGF2a (Lutalyse 5mgs IM/SQ) CLOPROSTENOL (Estrumate 250ugs IM/SQ)

34
Q

What is the difference in PGF2a and Cloprostenol

luteolytics in induction of estrus?

A

The diff between them is

PGF2a is natural and Cloprostenol is an analog.

Big difference in half-life.

PGF2a is metabolized in the first passage.

35
Q

CL must be ______days old

to fully respond to prostaglandin

A

5 days old

36
Q

IMPORTANT QUESTION:

The interval between prostaglandin injection

and ovulation is determined by the size of the follicle

at the time of treatment:

T/F?

A

TRUE

37
Q

IMPORTANT QUESTION:

T/F:

A

TRUE

  • A mare that is in TRANSITIONAL PHASE*
  • (multiple medium follicles, showing heat for a long time,*
  • upper midwest, middle of march) should get*
  • REGUMATE or PROGESTAGEN for 10 days!*
38
Q

T/F:

Prostaglandins are effective in inducing ovulation,

uterine evacuation post-ovulation, and inducing parturition

A

FALSE!! These are all WRONG uses for Prostaglandin (PG)

  • Ovulation induction: some people think it does this BUT it happens because she has a follicle ready*
  • Uterine evacuation post-ovulation: PG has an effect to contract smooth mm and aids in uterine evacuation but PG also has anti-luteogenic effect so we do not use it POST OVULATION for uterine evacuation*
  • Induction of parturition: when you treat a mare with PG to induce foaling, it could be VERY explosive and lead to ruptured cervixes or fx ribs*

Therio Final Exam Practice Questions (11 decks)

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