Mare Pregnancy Diagnosis and Management

Question 1

First sign of maternal recognition of pregnancy is

________ at day 6

and the production of PGE by the oviduct

Answer 1

embryo migration through the oviduct

Question 2

Pregnancy diagnoses in the mare can be done earlier than in other species because of the presence of _______ that maintains the embryo in a round shape for the first 20 days

Answer 2

embryonic capsule (carbohydrate)

Question 3

The pregnancy diagnosis can be done as early as 10 days but in general its more reliable between _____days’ post ovulation

Answer 3

14 and 16 days

Question 4

In pregnancy diagnosis,

First check is around day 14-16 and then again at day ____

Answer 4

28-32

Question 5

T/F:

THE PRESENCE OF A LARGE FOLLICLE IS AN INDICATION OF ESTRUS

Answer 5

FALSE! not an indication!

Question 6

The morphology of the ____________

allows us to

Diagnose the normalcy of the pregnancy

Predict early embryonic death

Estimate gestation age

Answer 6

Embryonic VESICLE

Question 7

In regards to embryonic vesicle morphology:

The first time we can identify the embryo proper

is at day _______

Answer 7

Day 23

Question 8

In regards to embryonic vesicle morphology:

Volume of allantois fluid and yolk sac is about the same

at day _______

Answer 8

Day 28 - 30

Question 9

In regards to embryonic vesicle morphology:

After day ______,

We have entered into the fetal period of that pregnancy

Answer 9

Day 45

Question 10

In regards to embryonic vesicle morphology:

From days 55 - 65, we can use the ________

to ID the sex of the embryo by looking at an area

under the tail (female) or close to the umbilical cord (male)

Answer 10

Genital Tubercle

Question 11

Only ______% of twin pregnancies in mares

reach term

Answer 11

9-10%

Question 12

Of the 10% of twin pregnancies that reach term,

_____% die in the first week

Answer 12

90%

Question 13

What type of uterus do mares have?

Answer 13

Mare has diffuse, epitheliochorial (6 layer) microcotyledonary uterus

Question 14

Mares with twins have an increased

incidence of what 3 repro issues:

Answer 14

Dystocias

Retained placenta

Fertility problems and subsequent heats

Question 15

___________ and _________

have a 15% incidence of twins, which

is more likely than other breeds

Answer 15

Thoroughbreds and warm bloods

Question 16

TWINS GENERALLY OCCUR DUE TO ___________

OVER 90% OF TWINS ARE BECAUSE OF TWO FOLLICLES

Answer 16

DOUBLE OVULATIONS

Question 17

Triplets occur naturally in less than

______% of mares

Answer 17

<1%

Question 18

What is the most common method for

twin reduction in mares?

Answer 18

MANUAL REDUCTION (TWIN CRUSH)

Question 19

If we have unilateral twins at 14-16 days and they stay fixed in the same horn there is an

_____% chance that the mare will lose one of the embryos.

Spontaneous reduction

Answer 19

80%

Question 20

If you have a UNILATERAL twin pregnancy in a mare,

can wait 30-32 days to see if it will spontaneously reduce.

Do not wait more than 32 days because at ____ days’ endometrial cups form and the mare will probably not come back into heat.

Answer 20

35 days

Question 21

T/F:

The possibility that twins will reduce

to a single are less than 50% after day 35

Answer 21

TRUE

Question 22

If twins are present after 100 days,

what method is used for reducing one?

Answer 22

Trans-abdominal cardiac puncture after 100 days

Ultrasound guided intracardiac injection of 5mL of KCl

Potassium Procaine Penicillin for the intra-fetal injection to reduce twins

Question 23

Possibility of survival of the remaining twin

after early manual reduction is ____%

Answer 23

> 90%