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Therio Final Exam Practice Questions > Mare Infertility > Flashcards

Mare Infertility Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 categories of problem mares?

A
  1. Failure to cycle or ovulate normally
  2. Failure to conceive: cycles okay but doesn’t get pregnant
  3. Early embryonic loss
  4. Pregnancy loss
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2
Q

FAILURE TO CYCLE

is synonymous with FAILURE TO _______

A

OVULATE

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3
Q

A mare may not be showing signs of estrus although they are cycling regularly.

This relates to the amount of ________ they have

A

estrogen

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4
Q

Prolonged DIESTRUS is also known as

______ and is defined as

CL lifespan prolonged beyond 15d

A

Pseudopregnancy

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5
Q

Mares have high levels of ____ even under progesterone

A

FSH

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6
Q

Maternal recognition of pregnancy

happens in oviduct at ___days

A

16 days

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7
Q

Gonadal Dysgenesis is also known as ________ syndrome

A

Turner’s

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8
Q

What is the most common genotype/karyotype

of mares with gonadal dysgenesis (Turner’s Syndrome)

which results in a small vulva, cervix, and uterus?

A

63X0

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9
Q

“Menopause” or Reproductive senescence

occurs in aged mares over _______ years old.

They stop cycling or only cycle 1-2/year.

A

25 years old

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10
Q

MOST COMMON TUMOR IN MARE IS THE

______________________________________

A

GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR OR THECAL CELL TUMOR

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11
Q

_______Cell Tumor: Mare displays estrous continuously

_______Cell Tumor: Mare displays stallion like behavior

A

Granulosa: displays estrous continuously

Thecal: displays stallion like behavior

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12
Q

What are the differentials for large ovarian syndrome

in order of liklihood?

A

Ovarian Hematoma

Ovaries with accessory CL’s during pregnancy

Transitional Ovaries with multiple large follices

Hemorrhagic Anovulatory Follicles

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13
Q

What hormone do granulosa cell tumors produce?

A

ESTROGEN!!!

This tumor type will cause estrus behaviors, nymphomania, breaking fences, just acting “slut like”

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14
Q

What hormone do thecal cell tumors produce?

A

ANDROGENS!!!

So when you have these, they can be producing different hormones.

Mare can be aggressive, kicks, jumps other mares.

Could also have progesterone where the mare would just be quiet

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15
Q

You cannot feel this landmark of the ovary in a mare

if there is a Granulosa-Thecal Cell Tumor

A

Won’t be able to feel ovulation fossa

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16
Q

This hormone is used to test for cryptorchidism

A

Anti Mullerian Hormone (AMH)

<4.2ng/ml normal o Tests for cryptorchidism

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17
Q

What results do you expect to see on a diagnostic panel

for a Granulosa - Thecal Cell Tumor?

(Progesterone, Testosterone, Inhibin)

A

Commonly will see no progesterone,

+/- high testosterone,

ALWAYS have high inhibin

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18
Q

Endometritis accounts for well over ____% of the cases of infertility in mares

A

>60%

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19
Q

What are the 3 barriers to infection in the

mare repro tract?

A
  1. Vulva
  2. Vestibulo-vaginal fold
  3. Cervix
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20
Q

Breeding induced endometritis

is the ONLY one that is a ________process.

A

physiologic

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21
Q

What are the 4 pathologic types of endometritis?

A

Persistent breeding induced

Acute bacterial endometritis

Chronic bacterial endometritis

Chronic degenerative endometritis (ENDOMETROSIS)

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22
Q

Chronic degenerative endometritis is

also known as

A

Endometriosis

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23
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of

mating induced endometritis

A

Combo of semen/bacT causes inflammation

characterized by abundance of WBC and PD release

which stimulates oxytocin release from pituitary

If the mare is normal the inflammation is transient and the mare will clear the uterus of WBC and fluid within the first 24 hours

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24
Q

What are the effects of

UTERINE pathology on ovarian function?

A
  1. Anestrus
  2. Short luteal phases or
  3. Prolonged luteal phases
25
Q

Mares that have short or prolonged interovulatory intervals

(less than 18 or greater than 22 days)

during the breeding season are suspected of having

________problems

A

uterine

26
Q

How does Streptoccocus zooepidemicus

affect the mare mucociliary defense of the uterus?

A

Decreases mucus viscosity breaking the continuum

27
Q

How does Klebsiella spp.

affect the mare mucociliary defense of the uterus?

A

Increase mucus viscosity decreasing the ability of cilia to move it

28
Q

Which of the following drugs can NOT be used intrauterine?

Gentocin

Oxytetracycline

Penicillin

Ticarillin

Cephalthin

A

Oxytetracycline SYSTEMIC ONLY

29
Q

When attempting to eliminate bacteria from the uterus:

Mares need to be ________ when they are being infused in the uterus .

Need to make sure the mare is draining the fluid themselves and not just accumulating the fluid

A

ultrasounded daily

30
Q

95 to 100% of all fungal isolates causing

fungal endometritis in the mare

were susceptible to (successfully treated with) these drugs

A

Polyenes (NYSTATINE, AMPHOTERCIN B, NATAMYCIN)

Least susceptible to azoles- miconazole

31
Q

Which of the following would NOT be an acceptable

treatment for fungal endometritis in the mare?

Nystatine

Miconazole

Amphotericin B

Natamycin

A

Miconazole

32
Q

CHRONIC INFECTIONS/INFLAMMATION OF THE UTERUS RESULT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ________

A

BIOFILMS

33
Q

How are BIOFILMS (caused by chronic inflammation of the uterus)

treated?

A

ACETYLCISTEINE 20mL in 100mL of Saline

DMSO 5% in LRS or Saline lavage for 3-5 days prior to starting antibiotic therapy

Buffered chelating agents TRIS EDTA/TRICIDE

GENTOCIN

KEROSENE to slough off endometrium which recovers very fast (within a cycle)

34
Q

_______ _________ testing is indicated if

there is no embryo in the absence of the other pathology;

Testing includes Starch granule test, Fluorescent labeled beads,

and Oviductal lavage with new methylene blue

A

Oviductal Patency Testing

35
Q

What are the treatment options for poor oviductal patency?

A

Assisted reproductive techniques:

Embryo transfer

Oocyte transfer

ICSI (INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION)

36
Q

Most early embryonic losses occur

before day ____

A

45

37
Q

What are the causes of early embryonic loss?

A

Embryonic Abnormalities

Deficient maternal environment

(Insufficient maternal P4, failed MRP, stress, disease, or Inadequate endometrium)

38
Q

What are the signs of embryonic death?

A

SIGNS OF EMBRYONIC DEATH

o Small size for gestational age

o Irregular vesicle prior to day 20

o Absence of a heart beat at day 28-30

o Free fluid or disseminated edema in a pregnant mare

39
Q

Abortion is the loss of a pregnancy once the fetal stage has started which is from _____ days to birth

A

45+ days – birth

40
Q

What is the most common non-infectious cause of abortion in mares

A

TWINS!

41
Q

How can you tell if abortion is from a transcervical infection?

A

will see a pattern of exudate and a clear demarcation of no placental uterine contact

42
Q

This serovar of the spirochete

Leptospira interrogans

causes the most abortions,

and infects the fetus hematogenously

A

Pomona

43
Q

What are the clinical signs of

Leptospira interrogans

infection in the mare?

A

Mare is ill

Jaundice, fever, anorexia, depression

Abortion • Stillbirth • Premature live birth

44
Q

Crossiella equi or Amycolatopis

are Nocardioform Actinomycetes

that cause abortion at any time during the pregnancy.

Describe the characteristic placentitis.

A

Base of gravid and non-gravid horns or body/horn- Not at the cervical area

Chronic surface brown, sticky, mud-like mucoid

45
Q

________ is

the only true venereal sexually transmissible disease in horses.

A

CONTAGIOUS EQUINE METRITIS

46
Q

What is the causative agent of

CONTAGIOUS EQUINE METRITIS?

A

Taylorella equigenitalis

47
Q

Stallion can be an asymptomatic carrier of CEM and harbors CEM in the __________

A

urethral fossa/urethral sinuses!!

48
Q

Samples taken in suspect cases of CEM (Taylorella equigenitalis)

must be transported in this manner for diagnosis

A

AIMES/CHARCOAL - NEEDS TO BE TRANSPORTED IN THIS - need a USDA accredited lab to find this stuff

49
Q

What is the treatment for

CONTAGIOUS EQUINE METRITIS

in stallions?

A

Wash penis with

2% Chlorohexidine and pack with nitrofurazone

50
Q

What is the treatment for

CONTAGIOUS EQUINE METRITIS

in mares?

A

CLITORIDECTOMY

51
Q

_____ is the most important viral cause of abortion in mares and causes

Respiratory disease, neonatal death, neurologic disease mare

A

EHV-1

52
Q

EHV-3 is also known as ______

and causes vesicles, not abortion

A

COITAL EXANTHEMA

53
Q

RHINOPNEUMONITIS, caused by this type of equine herpesvirus, is a sporadic cause of abortion, respiratory disease, young horses

Disease occurs because of intranuclear IB in lung/liver

A

EHV-4

54
Q

Describe the characteristic fetal lesions

associated with equine herpesvirus infection

A

Characteristic eosinophilic INTRANUCLEAR INCLUSION BODIES in foci in liver, etc.

55
Q

What is the vaccine protocol for EHV1 in mares?

A

Frequent vaccination required:

Mare – (3 vaccines): 5,7,9 months of gestation

56
Q

EQUINE VIRAL ARTERITIS is a very common cause of abortion in mares. Affects all ages/breeds.

Stallion is an asymptomatic carrier of EVA.

This virus is ___________ dependent

A

TESTOSTERONE

57
Q

How does a GnRH vaccine

help to treat Equine Viral Arteritis?

A

(lowers LH so Leydig cells stop producing testosterone) to reduce testosterone level to nothing and they may clear.

58
Q

T/F:

EVA survives in cool/frozen semen and can be transmitted through AI.

A

TRUE

59
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with

equine viral arteritis?

A

Fever and depression

Rhinitis and conjunctivitis, Ventral edema

but often no CS other than abortion/neonatal death

Therio Final Exam Practice Questions (11 decks)

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