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Therio Final Exam Practice Questions > Mare Infertility > Flashcards

Mare Infertility Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 categories of problem mares?

A
  1. Failure to cycle or ovulate normally
  2. Failure to conceive: cycles okay but doesn’t get pregnant
  3. Early embryonic loss
  4. Pregnancy loss
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2
Q

FAILURE TO CYCLE

is synonymous with FAILURE TO _______

A

OVULATE

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3
Q

A mare may not be showing signs of estrus although they are cycling regularly.

This relates to the amount of ________ they have

A

estrogen

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4
Q

Prolonged DIESTRUS is also known as

______ and is defined as

CL lifespan prolonged beyond 15d

A

Pseudopregnancy

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5
Q

Mares have high levels of ____ even under progesterone

A

FSH

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6
Q

Maternal recognition of pregnancy

happens in oviduct at ___days

A

16 days

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7
Q

Gonadal Dysgenesis is also known as ________ syndrome

A

Turner’s

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8
Q

What is the most common genotype/karyotype

of mares with gonadal dysgenesis (Turner’s Syndrome)

which results in a small vulva, cervix, and uterus?

A

63X0

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9
Q

“Menopause” or Reproductive senescence

occurs in aged mares over _______ years old.

They stop cycling or only cycle 1-2/year.

A

25 years old

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10
Q

MOST COMMON TUMOR IN MARE IS THE

______________________________________

A

GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR OR THECAL CELL TUMOR

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11
Q

_______Cell Tumor: Mare displays estrous continuously

_______Cell Tumor: Mare displays stallion like behavior

A

Granulosa: displays estrous continuously

Thecal: displays stallion like behavior

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12
Q

What are the differentials for large ovarian syndrome

in order of liklihood?

A

Ovarian Hematoma

Ovaries with accessory CL’s during pregnancy

Transitional Ovaries with multiple large follices

Hemorrhagic Anovulatory Follicles

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13
Q

What hormone do granulosa cell tumors produce?

A

ESTROGEN!!!

This tumor type will cause estrus behaviors, nymphomania, breaking fences, just acting “slut like”

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14
Q

What hormone do thecal cell tumors produce?

A

ANDROGENS!!!

So when you have these, they can be producing different hormones.

Mare can be aggressive, kicks, jumps other mares.

Could also have progesterone where the mare would just be quiet

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15
Q

You cannot feel this landmark of the ovary in a mare

if there is a Granulosa-Thecal Cell Tumor

A

Won’t be able to feel ovulation fossa

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16
Q

This hormone is used to test for cryptorchidism

A

Anti Mullerian Hormone (AMH)

<4.2ng/ml normal o Tests for cryptorchidism

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17
Q

What results do you expect to see on a diagnostic panel

for a Granulosa - Thecal Cell Tumor?

(Progesterone, Testosterone, Inhibin)

A

Commonly will see no progesterone,

+/- high testosterone,

ALWAYS have high inhibin

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18
Q

Endometritis accounts for well over ____% of the cases of infertility in mares

A

>60%

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19
Q

What are the 3 barriers to infection in the

mare repro tract?

A
  1. Vulva
  2. Vestibulo-vaginal fold
  3. Cervix
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20
Q

Breeding induced endometritis

is the ONLY one that is a ________process.

A

physiologic

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21
Q

What are the 4 pathologic types of endometritis?

A

Persistent breeding induced

Acute bacterial endometritis

Chronic bacterial endometritis

Chronic degenerative endometritis (ENDOMETROSIS)

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22
Q

Chronic degenerative endometritis is

also known as

A

Endometriosis

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23
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of

mating induced endometritis

A

Combo of semen/bacT causes inflammation

characterized by abundance of WBC and PD release

which stimulates oxytocin release from pituitary

If the mare is normal the inflammation is transient and the mare will clear the uterus of WBC and fluid within the first 24 hours

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24
Q

What are the effects of

UTERINE pathology on ovarian function?

A
  1. Anestrus
  2. Short luteal phases or
  3. Prolonged luteal phases
25
Mares that have short or prolonged interovulatory intervals (less than 18 or greater than 22 days) during the breeding season are suspected of having \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_problems
uterine
26
How does *Streptoccocus zooepidemicus* affect the mare mucociliary defense of the uterus?
**Decreases** mucus viscosity breaking the continuum
27
How does *Klebsiella spp.* affect the mare mucociliary defense of the uterus?
**Increase** mucus viscosity decreasing the ability of cilia to move it
28
Which of the following drugs can NOT be used intrauterine? Gentocin Oxytetracycline Penicillin Ticarillin Cephalthin
Oxytetracycline SYSTEMIC ONLY
29
When attempting to eliminate bacteria from the uterus: Mares need to be ________ when they are being infused in the uterus . Need to make sure the mare is draining the fluid themselves and not just accumulating the fluid
ultrasounded daily
30
95 to 100% of all fungal isolates causing fungal endometritis in the mare were susceptible to (successfully treated with) these drugs
**Polyenes** (NYSTATINE, AMPHOTERCIN B, NATAMYCIN) *Least susceptible to azoles- miconazole*
31
Which of the following would NOT be an acceptable treatment for fungal endometritis in the mare? Nystatine Miconazole Amphotericin B Natamycin
Miconazole
32
CHRONIC INFECTIONS/INFLAMMATION OF THE UTERUS RESULT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
BIOFILMS
33
How are BIOFILMS (caused by chronic inflammation of the uterus) treated?
**ACETYLCISTEINE** 20mL in 100mL of Saline **DMSO 5%** in LRS or Saline lavage for 3-5 days prior to starting antibiotic therapy Buffered chelating agents **TRIS EDTA/TRICIDE** **GENTOCIN** **KEROSENE** to slough off endometrium which recovers very fast (within a cycle)
34
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _________ testing is indicated if there is no embryo in the absence of the other pathology; Testing includes Starch granule test, Fluorescent labeled beads, and Oviductal lavage with new methylene blue
Oviductal Patency Testing
35
What are the treatment options for poor oviductal patency?
Assisted reproductive techniques: Embryo transfer Oocyte transfer ICSI (INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION)
36
Most early embryonic losses occur before day \_\_\_\_
45
37
What are the causes of early embryonic loss?
**Embryonic Abnormalities** **Deficient maternal environment** *(Insufficient maternal P4, failed MRP, stress, disease, or Inadequate endometrium)*
38
What are the signs of embryonic death?
SIGNS OF EMBRYONIC DEATH o Small size for gestational age o Irregular vesicle prior to day 20 o Absence of a heart beat at day 28-30 o Free fluid or disseminated edema in a pregnant mare
39
Abortion is the loss of a pregnancy once the fetal stage has started which is from _____ days to birth
45+ days – birth
40
What is the most common non-infectious cause of abortion in mares
TWINS!
41
How can you tell if abortion is from a transcervical infection?
will see a pattern of exudate and a clear demarcation of no placental uterine contact
42
This serovar of the spirochete *Leptospira interrogans* causes the most abortions, and infects the fetus **hematogenously**
Pomona
43
What are the clinical signs of *Leptospira interrogans* infection in the mare?
Mare is ill Jaundice, fever, anorexia, depression Abortion • Stillbirth • Premature live birth
44
Crossiella equi or Amycolatopis are Nocardioform Actinomycetes that cause abortion at any time during the pregnancy. Describe the characteristic placentitis.
Base of gravid and non-gravid horns or body/horn- Not at the cervical area Chronic surface brown, sticky, mud-like mucoid
45
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the only true venereal sexually transmissible disease in horses.
CONTAGIOUS EQUINE METRITIS
46
What is the causative agent of CONTAGIOUS EQUINE METRITIS?
*Taylorella equigenitalis*
47
Stallion can be an asymptomatic carrier of CEM and harbors CEM in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
urethral fossa/urethral sinuses!!
48
Samples taken in suspect cases of CEM *(Taylorella equigenitalis)* must be transported in this manner for diagnosis
**AIMES/CHARCOAL** - NEEDS TO BE TRANSPORTED IN THIS - need a USDA accredited lab to find this stuff
49
What is the treatment for CONTAGIOUS EQUINE METRITIS in **stallions**?
Wash penis with 2% Chlorohexidine and pack with **nitrofurazone**
50
What is the treatment for CONTAGIOUS EQUINE METRITIS in **mares**?
CLITORIDECTOMY
51
\_\_\_\_\_ is the most important viral cause of abortion in mares and causes Respiratory disease, neonatal death, neurologic disease mare
EHV-1
52
EHV-3 is also known as \_\_\_\_\_\_ and causes vesicles, not abortion
COITAL EXANTHEMA
53
RHINOPNEUMONITIS, caused by this type of equine herpesvirus, is a sporadic cause of abortion, respiratory disease, young horses Disease occurs because of intranuclear IB in lung/liver
EHV-4
54
Describe the characteristic fetal lesions associated with equine herpesvirus infection
Characteristic eosinophilic INTRANUCLEAR INCLUSION BODIES in foci in liver, etc.
55
What is the vaccine protocol for EHV1 in mares?
Frequent vaccination required: Mare – (3 vaccines): 5,7,9 months of gestation
56
EQUINE VIRAL ARTERITIS is a very common cause of abortion in mares. Affects all ages/breeds. Stallion is an asymptomatic carrier of EVA. This virus is ___________ dependent
TESTOSTERONE
57
How does a GnRH vaccine help to treat Equine Viral Arteritis?
(lowers LH so Leydig cells stop producing testosterone) to reduce testosterone level to nothing and they may clear.
58
T/F: EVA survives in cool/frozen semen and can be transmitted through AI.
TRUE
59
What are the clinical signs associated with equine viral arteritis?
Fever and depression Rhinitis and conjunctivitis, Ventral edema but often no CS other than abortion/neonatal death

Therio Final Exam Practice Questions (11 decks)

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