Mar20 M1-Barrier Defenses Part 1

Question 1

how to determine if anemia is microcytic, normocytic or macrocytic

Answer 1

check MCV (mean cell volume of RBCs) on CBC

Question 2

ddx of microcytic anemia if found + next investigation to do

Answer 2

iron deficiency, thalassemia, ..

*next step = iron studies

Question 3

normochromic anemia meaning

Answer 3

anemia where Hb levels INSIDE the cells are normal. (there’s just not enough cells)

Question 4

normocytic normochromic anemia meaning and main thing

Answer 4

*anemia in chronic disease with acute inflammation
-hemorrhage
-bone marrow involvement
-hemolysis
(NOT INFECTION)

Question 5

ddx for high platelets + main one

Answer 5

• *bone marrow disease (but not cancer bc cancer reduces the cells)
• high TPO from liver cancer
• uncontrolled inflammation (promotes production of all cells of BM in general)

Question 6

high neutrophils and low platelets meaning

Answer 6

INFECTION. (can be seen in sepsis)

Question 7

normal response of neutrophils and platelets in inflammation vs in sepsis

Answer 7

inflam: neutrophils up, platelets up (platelets are an acute phase reactant)
sepsis: neutrophils up, platelets down

Question 8

macrocytic anemia + low lymphocytes ddx (think of ddx of macrocytic anemia + ddx of low lymphocytes first)

Answer 8

hemorrhage, B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency

Question 9

macrocytic anemia, low lymphocytes, nucleated RBCs what’s the diagnosis

Answer 9

autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Question 10

SCID (severe combined immune deficiency) important thing on CBC

Answer 10

very low lymphocytes

Question 11

why vaccines not bad

Answer 11

only have 100+ molecules, compared to all the microbes we’re exposed to

Question 12

why giving peanuts to babies is a good thing

Answer 12

cues their immune system towards tolerance (regulation) rather than activation

Question 13

2 concepts in newborns and babies immunity

Answer 13

1. in first 6 months after birth, babies have Igs from their mother
2. breast milk from the mother contains IgA for gut defence.

Question 14

in an infection, what’s the cause of the symptoms (headache, fever, etc.)

Answer 14

the immune response

Question 15

T-F we only make immune response to outside antigens

Answer 15

false. we make immune response to ourselves but it’s a tolerant one

Question 16

key concept in epitopes’ ability to make an immune response

Answer 16

need 2 epitopes, bc often a cross talk is needed

Question 17

concept of vaccination

Answer 17

vaccinate with common epitopes to cover many bacteria and viruses

Question 18

what’s found on B cell surface

Answer 18

Ig, waiting to bind its epitope

Question 19

4 thinks interleukins can do

Answer 19

1. GF (tell to prolif and divide)
2. tell cells to differentiate
3. chemokines
4. signal to start an inflammation somewhere

Question 20

cytokine general purpose and systems other than immune system

Answer 20

communication. can comm with endoth and nerve cells. in brain, some cytokines are ntrs

Question 21

why DIC is bad

Answer 21

is a sign of multi-organ failure

Question 22

what activates immune system

Answer 22

everything. (imbalance is what makes you sick)

Question 23

(imp?) number one reason to have memory in the immune system

Answer 23

to save energy

Question 24

X-linked agammaglobulinemia description

Answer 24

• disease where boys are born without the enzyme required to form B cells so no Abs
• Abs replacement therapy
• may grow very fast upon therapy start bc now energy can be used for growth

Question 25

number 2 reason for which immune system has memory

Answer 25

ensure survival of the species. woman of child bearing age can’t afford to get sick.

Question 26

3 functions of immunity

Answer 26

• fight infections
• prevent cancer (don’t forget that one)***
• develop a memory response