- mainly RBCs - all RBCs regular and look the same

- Fe deficiency - Hb disorders (like thalassemia) - lead poisoning

- B12 deficiency - thyroid disease - drugs (methatrexate for rheumathoid arthritis and hydroxyuria in chemo) and alcohol - marrow problem (myelodysplasia)

Mar19 M3-Hematopoiesis and Leukemias Flashcards by Django E.

blood centrifuge components

supernatant = plasma (serum = plasma without clotting factors)
buffy coat = WBCs and platelets
bottom = RBCs

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hematocrit def

% of blood volume that is RBCs (normal 45%)

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RBC content and what it doesn’t contain

membrane, cytoskel, enzymes, Hb

NO NUCLEUS NO ORGANELLES

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why males a bit more RBCs

testosterone has a trophic effect on the BM

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RBC turnover

110 days lifespan. 1% replaced daily. broken in liver and spleen

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anemia def

men: Hb below 140
women: Hb below 120

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cytoskeletal and Hb disorders of RBC + consequence of these

cytoskeletal: spherocytes, elliptical
Hb disorders: sickle cell, thalassemia
*cells are lysed more. fragile and rupture.

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proteins in RBC cytoskeleton

ankyrins (bind membrane and other cytosk elements)
spectrin (between ankyrins)
band3 (sticks out of cell)

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normal blood smear

mainly RBCs

- all RBCs regular and look the same

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normal RBC size and volume

size normal: 7-7.5 um

volume: 80-100 fL

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microcytosis cause

Fe deficiency
Hb disorders (like thalassemia)
lead poisoning

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macrocytosis cause

B12 deficiency
thyroid disease
drugs (methatrexate for rheumathoid arthritis and hydroxyuria in chemo) and alcohol
marrow problem (myelodysplasia)

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red cell fragments meaning

severe disorders (sepsis, DIC, TTP)

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eccinocytes (spiky cells)t and target cells (codocytes, look like bullets) meaning

eccinocytes = renal insufficiency

target cells = hepatic insufficiency

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sicke cell pathophgy

mutation of beta chain on 6th residue. Hb cristalizes. cell has sickle shape and plugs circulation. small ischemic events

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reticulocytes def

almost mature RBCs in blood that still have nuclear content for 1-2 days

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reticulocyte count use

anemia with HIGH reticulocyte count = BM is functioning (hemolytic anemia, bleeding)
anemia with LOW reticulocyte count = BM problem (lack Fe, drug suppresses it, lack stimulus)

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anemia with reticulocyte count that is normal

NOT a normal thing.

indicates BM issue

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platelet main fct and things that help it

clotting. has 5HT for vessel constriction. TX. proteins on membrane to enable interaction with platelets and clotting factors + send pseudopodes to bind other platelets

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platelets origin

cells called megakaryocytes (cyto doesn’t divide, nucleus only so nuclear content x64)

studies if low blood platelets

megakaryocyte count.
high = problem with platelets in circulation (drained)
low = BM problem

2 subtypes of WBCs

granulocytes (polymorphonuclear), short lived: N, B, E

agranulocytes (mononuclear), variable lifespans: monocytes, lymphocytes

barr body in neutrophils

In females, is the condensed X chromosome pushed on the side

2 kinds of neutrophil granules

primary (AP, collagenase, lactoferin, lysozyme)

- azurophilic (collagenase, lysozyme, cathepsin, myeloperoxidase, 5’ nucleotidase, etc.): visible kind

neutrophil fct

major effector of immune system. phagocytosis. phagosome fuses with lysosome: phagolysosome

eosinophil on EM

granules with large crystals. contain major basic protein. | they surround parasites and release these

basophil granules content + their function

- heparin, histamine, leukotriene | - role in hypersensitivity rxs

WBC that can do mitosis

monocytes

monocyte fct

become macrophages (in tissues) after spending 10-120 HOURS in the blood. phagocytosis + present (APCs) epitopes to immune cells

atypical lymphocytes on microscopy + means what

-active, expanding cytoplasm -heavy blue staining edges -open chromatin VIRAL INFECTIONS: INFLUENZA, INFECTIOUS MONO

where hematopoiesis happens

yolk sac - liver - spleen - bone marrow in children, distal long bones + axial skeleton in adults, mainly axial skeleton

2 types of BM

red (hematogenous): color produced by blood and blood-forming cells yellow BM: color produced by presence of adipose cells

how BM types vary with age

more yellow and less red with age | 100-age is amount of red

key players in hematopoiesis

- HSC - pluripotent stem cells (derived from HSC) - stroma (endothelial cells, fibroblastoid cells, GF production) - microenvironment - distal cytokines

substances acting on the bone marrow + on what cells

- growth factors - cytokines (IL-1, 3, 6 and 11, SCF, G-CSF) * act on HSCs and pluripotent stem cells

proportions of cells in BM

-HSC less 0.2% -pluripotent SC a bit more -mostly erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes, myeloid and lymphoid cells. (+ MICRO ENVIRONMENT: stromal cells which are macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells)

HSC charact

- self-renewable (so does symmetrical and asymmetrical replication) - CD34 and Sca-1 markers - used in stem cell transplantation

progenitor cells charact

- cells not capable of indefinite self renewal | - may not be able to diff in all cell types

marrow progenitor cells charact

- can diff in all blood cells | - can't renew indefinitely

commond myeloid progenitor cells include what 2 cell types

- common megakaryocyte and erythroid progenitor | - common granulocyte (meaning ''phils'') and monocyte progenitor

hematopoiesis 1st cell category and the cells

Stem cells (1. long term HSC 2. short terms HSC comes from lt-HSC)

hematopoiesis 2nd cell category and the cells

Progenitor cells 1. MPP (multipotent progenitors or pluripotent ..), comes from st-HSC 2. CMP and CLP come from MPP 3. MEP and GMP (come from CMP)

what type of cells in hematopoiesis after progenitor cells

committed precursor cells | 1. cells that come from MEP, GMP and CLP. one for each blood cell that will be created

cell type after committed precursor cells in hematopoiesis

1. 2 committed precursor cells from MEP give megakaryocyte and RBCs 2. 5 committed precursor cells from GMP give mast cells, the 3 phils, monocytes 3. 3 committed precursor cells from CLP give T cells, B cells and NK cells

what regulates hematopoiesis

- genetics - soluble signals from neighboring cells - messages sent from rest of the body

erythropoiesis 6 stages and length

56 days. nuclei get smaller and more condensed at each stage 1. proerythroblast 2. basophilic normoblast 3. polychromatic normoblast 4. orthochromatic normoblast 5. reticulocyte 6. RBC

regulation of erythropoiesis

O2 sensors in the kidney. low O2 = kidneys make EPO (erythropoietin).

regulation of thrombopoiesis

- TPO (thrombopoietin) made by the liver is the megakaryocytic GF - see thrombocytopenia in cirrhosis

regulation of WBCs production

molecules from - BM blood and stromal cells - blood - outside (drugs that stim WBC growth)