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Bloc F - Defense > Mar19 M3-Hematopoiesis and Leukemias > Flashcards

Mar19 M3-Hematopoiesis and Leukemias Flashcards

1
Q

blood centrifuge components

A

supernatant = plasma (serum = plasma without clotting factors)
buffy coat = WBCs and platelets
bottom = RBCs

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2
Q

hematocrit def

A

% of blood volume that is RBCs (normal 45%)

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3
Q

RBC content and what it doesn’t contain

A

membrane, cytoskel, enzymes, Hb

NO NUCLEUS NO ORGANELLES

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4
Q

why males a bit more RBCs

A

testosterone has a trophic effect on the BM

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5
Q

RBC turnover

A

110 days lifespan. 1% replaced daily. broken in liver and spleen

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6
Q

anemia def

A

men: Hb below 140
women: Hb below 120

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7
Q

cytoskeletal and Hb disorders of RBC + consequence of these

A

cytoskeletal: spherocytes, elliptical
Hb disorders: sickle cell, thalassemia
*cells are lysed more. fragile and rupture.

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8
Q

proteins in RBC cytoskeleton

A
  • ankyrins (bind membrane and other cytosk elements)
  • spectrin (between ankyrins)
  • band3 (sticks out of cell)
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9
Q

normal blood smear

A
  • mainly RBCs

- all RBCs regular and look the same

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10
Q

normal RBC size and volume

A

size normal: 7-7.5 um

volume: 80-100 fL

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11
Q

microcytosis cause

A
  • Fe deficiency
  • Hb disorders (like thalassemia)
  • lead poisoning
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12
Q

macrocytosis cause

A
  • B12 deficiency
  • thyroid disease
  • drugs (methatrexate for rheumathoid arthritis and hydroxyuria in chemo) and alcohol
  • marrow problem (myelodysplasia)
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13
Q

red cell fragments meaning

A

severe disorders (sepsis, DIC, TTP)

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14
Q

eccinocytes (spiky cells)t and target cells (codocytes, look like bullets) meaning

A

eccinocytes = renal insufficiency

target cells = hepatic insufficiency

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15
Q

sicke cell pathophgy

A

mutation of beta chain on 6th residue. Hb cristalizes. cell has sickle shape and plugs circulation. small ischemic events

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16
Q

reticulocytes def

A

almost mature RBCs in blood that still have nuclear content for 1-2 days

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17
Q

reticulocyte count use

A
  • anemia with HIGH reticulocyte count = BM is functioning (hemolytic anemia, bleeding)
  • anemia with LOW reticulocyte count = BM problem (lack Fe, drug suppresses it, lack stimulus)
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18
Q

anemia with reticulocyte count that is normal

A

NOT a normal thing.

indicates BM issue

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19
Q

platelet main fct and things that help it

A

clotting. has 5HT for vessel constriction. TX. proteins on membrane to enable interaction with platelets and clotting factors + send pseudopodes to bind other platelets

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20
Q

platelets origin

A

cells called megakaryocytes (cyto doesn’t divide, nucleus only so nuclear content x64)

21
Q

studies if low blood platelets

A

megakaryocyte count.
high = problem with platelets in circulation (drained)
low = BM problem

22
Q

2 subtypes of WBCs

A

granulocytes (polymorphonuclear), short lived: N, B, E

agranulocytes (mononuclear), variable lifespans: monocytes, lymphocytes

23
Q

barr body in neutrophils

A

In females, is the condensed X chromosome pushed on the side

24
Q

2 kinds of neutrophil granules

A
  • primary (AP, collagenase, lactoferin, lysozyme)

- azurophilic (collagenase, lysozyme, cathepsin, myeloperoxidase, 5’ nucleotidase, etc.): visible kind

25
Q

neutrophil fct

A

major effector of immune system. phagocytosis. phagosome fuses with lysosome: phagolysosome

26
Q

eosinophil on EM

A

granules with large crystals. contain major basic protein.

they surround parasites and release these

27
Q

basophil granules content + their function

A
  • heparin, histamine, leukotriene

- role in hypersensitivity rxs

28
Q

WBC that can do mitosis

A

monocytes

29
Q

monocyte fct

A

become macrophages (in tissues) after spending 10-120 HOURS in the blood. phagocytosis + present (APCs) epitopes to immune cells

30
Q

atypical lymphocytes on microscopy + means what

A

-active, expanding cytoplasm
-heavy blue staining edges
-open chromatin
VIRAL INFECTIONS: INFLUENZA, INFECTIOUS MONO

31
Q

where hematopoiesis happens

A

yolk sac - liver - spleen - bone marrow
in children, distal long bones + axial skeleton
in adults, mainly axial skeleton

32
Q

2 types of BM

A

red (hematogenous): color produced by blood and blood-forming cells
yellow BM: color produced by presence of adipose cells

33
Q

how BM types vary with age

A

more yellow and less red with age

100-age is amount of red

34
Q

key players in hematopoiesis

A
  • HSC
  • pluripotent stem cells (derived from HSC)
  • stroma (endothelial cells, fibroblastoid cells, GF production)
  • microenvironment
  • distal cytokines
35
Q

substances acting on the bone marrow + on what cells

A
  • growth factors
  • cytokines (IL-1, 3, 6 and 11, SCF, G-CSF)
  • act on HSCs and pluripotent stem cells
36
Q

proportions of cells in BM

A

-HSC less 0.2%
-pluripotent SC a bit more
-mostly erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes, myeloid and lymphoid cells.
(+ MICRO ENVIRONMENT: stromal cells which are macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells)

37
Q

HSC charact

A
  • self-renewable (so does symmetrical and asymmetrical replication)
  • CD34 and Sca-1 markers
  • used in stem cell transplantation
38
Q

progenitor cells charact

A
  • cells not capable of indefinite self renewal

- may not be able to diff in all cell types

39
Q

marrow progenitor cells charact

A
  • can diff in all blood cells

- can’t renew indefinitely

40
Q

commond myeloid progenitor cells include what 2 cell types

A
  • common megakaryocyte and erythroid progenitor

- common granulocyte (meaning ‘‘phils’’) and monocyte progenitor

41
Q

hematopoiesis 1st cell category and the cells

A

Stem cells (1. long term HSC 2. short terms HSC comes from lt-HSC)

42
Q

hematopoiesis 2nd cell category and the cells

A

Progenitor cells

  1. MPP (multipotent progenitors or pluripotent ..), comes from st-HSC
  2. CMP and CLP come from MPP
  3. MEP and GMP (come from CMP)
43
Q

what type of cells in hematopoiesis after progenitor cells

A

committed precursor cells

1. cells that come from MEP, GMP and CLP. one for each blood cell that will be created

44
Q

cell type after committed precursor cells in hematopoiesis

A
  1. 2 committed precursor cells from MEP give megakaryocyte and RBCs
  2. 5 committed precursor cells from GMP give mast cells, the 3 phils, monocytes
  3. 3 committed precursor cells from CLP give T cells, B cells and NK cells
45
Q

what regulates hematopoiesis

A
  • genetics
  • soluble signals from neighboring cells
  • messages sent from rest of the body
46
Q

erythropoiesis 6 stages and length

A

56 days. nuclei get smaller and more condensed at each stage

  1. proerythroblast
  2. basophilic normoblast
  3. polychromatic normoblast
  4. orthochromatic normoblast
  5. reticulocyte
  6. RBC
47
Q

regulation of erythropoiesis

A

O2 sensors in the kidney. low O2 = kidneys make EPO (erythropoietin).

48
Q

regulation of thrombopoiesis

A
  • TPO (thrombopoietin) made by the liver is the megakaryocytic GF
  • see thrombocytopenia in cirrhosis
49
Q

regulation of WBCs production

A

molecules from

  • BM blood and stromal cells
  • blood
  • outside (drugs that stim WBC growth)

Bloc F - Defense (57 decks)

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