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Bloc F - Defense > Apr9 M2,3-Histology of Skin Parts 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Apr9 M2,3-Histology of Skin Parts 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

skin type of epithelium

A

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

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2
Q

keratinization def

A
  • killing of cells by massive cross linking of cytoskeletal proteins and other proteins in the cell
  • the cell dies
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3
Q

metaplasia def

A
  • deviation from normal in epithelia
  • can result in tumor cell migration or metastatic cells (skin cells are doing displacement, not migration, as they mature to the surface)
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4
Q

keratins = what kind of protein

A

keratins = gene family that is part of the intermediate filaments category (that make the cytoskeleton)

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5
Q

equivalent of epidermis and dermis in the mouth

A

epithelium and LP

together, form the mucosa

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6
Q

hypodermis content

A

layer of adipocytes

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7
Q

(IMPORTANT) layers of the epidermis (base to top)

A
  1. stratum basale or germinativum
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum
  5. stratum corneum
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8
Q

epidermis and dermis interactions and significance

A
  • interdigitate between each other
  • epith protrusions in dermis = rete pegs
  • dermis protrusion in epith = dermal papillae
  • allows better exchange with lymphatics and caps
  • gives fingerprints
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9
Q

stratum granulosum charact + next step

A
  • cells have granules
  • will do massive cross-linking and change their cytoskeleton to form the next layer
  • will form stratum lucidum
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10
Q

melanocytes location in the skin + start what cancer

A
  • epidermis
  • along the stratum germinativum (basale)
  • send processes that insert between the cells
  • start melanomas
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11
Q

2 main proteins in dermis + 2 layers of the dermis

A
  • collagen and elastin

- papillary (closest to BM) and reticular

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12
Q

dermis papillary layer (closest to the epidermis, BM) content and reticular layer content

A
  • papillary = small type 3 collagen fibrils (reticular fibers)
  • reticular = type 1 collagen
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13
Q

BM charact

A
  • EC matrix with collagen, elastic tissue
  • porous supporting plane + solid attachments
  • serves as attachment point for cells
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14
Q

how basal cells attach to the BM + name of the attachment

A
  • use a R on their surface called an integrin
  • binds ligand in BM matrix
  • HEMIDESMOSOME
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15
Q

desmosome fct and contents

A
  • cell-cell connection
  • EXTERIOR = CADHERINS of each cell for attachment (cadherin-cadherin)
  • INTERIOR = cadherins attached to plasma membrane and to a circular structure under the membrane.
  • cytoskeletal elements (interm filaments and keratin) attach to circular structure
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16
Q

charact of cells in stratum spinosum

A

send protrusions

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17
Q

diff proteins in the papillary layer (right under BM)

A
  • type 3 collagen (reticular fibers)
  • type 7 collagen (forming velcro loops)
  • elastic fibers (elastins)
  • collagen IV (type 4)
  • laminins
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18
Q

tonofilaments def and location

A
  • cytoskeleton expressed from particular keratinocyte genes and that cross-links and forms fibrils
  • are the keratins of the intermediate filaments that attach on the cytoplasmic circular structure in hemidesmosomes or desmosomes
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19
Q

most important protein the skin expresses

A

keratin (to make a solid barrier + involved with lipids)

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20
Q

2 major families (names) of the cadherins of the epidermis (for desmosomes, cell-cell)

A
  • desmogelins

- desmocolins

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21
Q

charact of the space between the cells formed by a desmosome

A
  • water impermeable glycolipid deposition place
  • specific lipids secreted there
  • these lipids assemble in lamellated granules (discs)
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22
Q

cell-cell interaction general rules in the whole body

A
  • 2 integrins on same cell form cis-dimer
  • 2 cis-dimers from 2 diff cells interact together IF ARE OF THE SAME KIND
  • interaction is CALCIUM DEPENDENT
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23
Q

how cadherins interact in the epidermis vs in the rest of the body

A
  • rest of the body = expressed all around the cell

- epidermis = form specific regions called desmosomes

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24
Q

charact of the granules in the stratum granulosum

A
  • called keratohyalin granules
  • NOT membrane bound
  • are an accumulate of proteins around tonofilament
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25
Q

major protein in the keratohyalin granules of stratum granulosum

A

filaggrin

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26
Q

how cytoskeleton and keratohyaline granules start cross-linking in stratum granulosum

A

transglutaminases are enzymes that make irreversible covalent bonds between them

27
Q

important thing that must happen for the skin to slough off + consequence of genetic disease in that

A
  • desmosomes must detach

- defect = bacterial infections

28
Q

stratum lucidum charact

A
  • in thick skin (sole of feet and palms)
  • are a massive-cross-linking
  • cells there are DEAD
29
Q

name of the cells in the stratum lucidum

A

squames (skin sloughin off = cell desquamation)

30
Q

2 proteins other than keratin known to be part of the stratum corneum enveloppe and to cross-link also

A
  • loricrin

- involucrin

31
Q

epidermolysis bullosa def

A
  • blistering disease of the skin in response to minor trauma

- bc of an adhesion disease of the skin, skin not tough enough. shearing. mechanical tears

32
Q

basal cell vs squamous cell CA

A
  • basal cell CA of the skin = starts in stratum basale cells
  • squamous cell CA of the skin = starts in stratum spinosum (higher layer)
  • squamous more dangerous*
33
Q

adenoCA of the skin def

A

CA starting in epithelium of the glands

34
Q

what determines ability to heal after a burn

A
  • how deep
  • how wide
  • important for determining if you destroyed stratum basale cells and how much bc are important for regen*
35
Q

warts def

A
  • circular ingoing benign infection with HPV
  • perturbation of the process of cross-linking
  • scaly lesion
36
Q

blisters def

A

mechanical separation of the skin

37
Q

psoriasis def

A

itchy patches. immune disease of T cells activation where they prolif too much

38
Q

epidermolysis bullosa on histology

A
  • massive bleeding and hemorrhage
  • skin sliding above BM
  • ripped, cracked epidermis
39
Q

ichtyosis def

A
  • mutations in intermediate filaments (Interm - Ichtyosis. i-i) OR filaggrin OR transglutaminase mutations
  • problem of keratinization process
40
Q

melanocytes function

A
  • make melanin granules, which protects DNA from UV light by ABSORBING UV light
  • granules are placed between the nucleus and the outer surface of the skin (to protect from UV light)
41
Q

how melanin is produced

A
  • golgi involved
  • tyrosinase is produced (enzyme) and is packed in vesicles
  • tyrosin vesicles are also formed
  • the two premelanosome vesicles fuse forming a melanosome
  • tyrosinase converts tyrosin to melanin to form a melanin granule (melanosome)
42
Q

how melanin granules protect keratinocytes if they’re only produced by melanocytes

A
  • melanocytes projections between keratinocytes
  • melanocytes release their granules outside of the cell
  • granules are engulfed by cells of the stratum spinosum
  • melanosomes moved above nucleus
43
Q

embryologic origin of melanocytes

A

neural crest cells (NCCs)

44
Q

difference in melanocytes cell-cell attachment

A

doesn’t do desmosomal connections with keratinocytes

45
Q

albinism cause + thing to be careful about in this disease

A
  • mutation in tyrosinase gene (partial or complete)

- higher risk of skin cancer

46
Q

abundant cell type in the dermis and that is also the ‘‘grandfather’’ of all cells

A

fibroblasts (or fibrocytes)

47
Q

function of fibroblasts

A
  • make type 1 collagen (reticular dermis)
  • make type 3 collagen (reticular fibers in papillary dermis)
  • make type 7 collagen loops for papillary dermis
  • etc
48
Q

cell that fibroblasts originate from and what other cells can this ancestor give rise to

A

undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cell. can give

  • fibroblast
  • adipocytes
  • macrophage, histiocyte
  • mast cell
  • plasma cell
49
Q

name of components of collagen

A
  • collagen fibrils (=seen on EM)

- many fibrils from collagen fibers (seen on LM)

50
Q

structure of the collagen molecule

A
  • 3 protein chains forming a triple helix (collagen tropomolecules)
  • released in exocytic pathway
  • self polymerize to form fibrils
51
Q

time to make collagen and why

A

60 mins

  • post translational modifications (PTMs)
  • must form triple helix
  • exists in pro-granules initially
52
Q

what cells make AND turn over collagen

A

fibroblasts

53
Q

how fibroblasts turn over collagen

A

with enzymes like collagenases and MMPs

54
Q

bone structure

A
  • collagen matrix
  • calcium phosphate crystals bind on the matrix
  • cracks on the surface and banding pattern
  • osteoclasts and osteoblasts
55
Q

structure of teeth enamel and dentin and pulp (EM)

A
  • enamel = exterior = dead
  • dentin = odontoblasts, cell processes and nerves going through holes occupied by odontoblasts
  • pulp = matrix of EC collagen
56
Q

important molecule in collagen synthesis

A
  • vitamin C

- important cofactor in collagen triple helix assembly in the cell

57
Q

examples of diseases if you lack vit C, Ca or copper (most visible signs you get)

A

get a collagen deficiency

  • teeth falling out bc held to jaw by periodontal (suspensory) ligament
  • knees faling out (defective ACL)
58
Q

how collagen fibrils cross-link

A

lysyl oxidase protein does that

59
Q

2 main components of the ECM

A
  1. fibers (collagen, reticular fibers, elastic fibers)

2. amorphous ground substance (proteoglycans, plasma proteins, etc.)

60
Q

function of proteoglycans

A
  • resistance to compression

- water retention

61
Q

components of elastin fibers

A
  • elastin protein

- fibrilin protein (forming microfibrils)

62
Q

elastin fibers found where and consequence of mutation

A
  • skin, lungs, blood vessels*, etc.

- can get aneurysms, stroke

63
Q

Marfan syndrome charact

A
  • fibrillin-1 gene mutation so problem in the microfibrils of elastin fibers
  • ectopia lentis (displacement of eyes lenses)

Bloc F - Defense (57 decks)

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