Manner Of Articulation Part Two Flashcards
What involves complete constriction?
Plosives, nasals, taps and trills
Describe the approach in the production of plosives
Quiet-can be altered depending on context
Describe the closure in the production of plosives
Period of silence (voiceless sounds)
Voicing buzz (voiced sounds)
Place of closure determines place of articulation
Describe the release stage in the production of plosives
Most noisy =explosion of held airflow. Can be altered depending on context
Fricatives involve
Narrow constriction-air becomes choppy and turbulent-hissing noise
Describe airflow in fricatives
Air from lungs flows through narrow opening (closed velum)
What sounds involve wide constriction?
Approximants and lateral approximants
Lateral approximants entail?
Closure with alveolar ridge and opening at side of tongue e.g l
Describe an affricate
Approach -plosive
Release-fricative
E.g ch and j sounds
Affricate scan be produced by?
Any combination of plosive and fricative at the same place of articulation
Manner of articulation refers to
How air flows in the vocal tract
Manner of articulation is concerned with?
The degree of stricture in the vocal tract which refers to how close the articulators get when a sound is formed
If a plosive is produced between vowels we can say that the plosive has?
Wide oral release, as the active articulator moves far away from the passive articulator in the release phase
Fricative a are characterised by?
The hissing sound that can be heard when they are produced
How does the hissing in fricative a come about?
The air from the lungs is escaping through a small gap - the air becomes choppy and turbulent and hissing is heard
With fricative a the articulators come close together but do not touch. This is called?
Narrow approximation
Approximants sounds are rather like vowels in some ways, they are produced with?
Little constriction in the vocal tract so that air passage is not restricted
When are approximants formed?
When the articulators are positioned in wide approximation so that the gap between them is not narrow enough to cause friction
When producing a nasal sound,
The actions in the oral cavity are the same as for a plosive at the same place of articulation
The difference between n and d is the position of the velum. When velum is raised it seal off the nasal cavity so that air cannot escape through the nose. This is known as?
Velic closure
When the velum is lowered
Air can escape through the nose
What is the effect of a lowered velum when producing nasal ?
The air does not build up behind the closed articulators. It cannot pass them but as the velum is lowered the air can and does escape through the nose
What is the crucial difference between a nasal and a plosive?
The velum is lowered for a nasal and raised for a plosive yet they both have a complete blockage to air in the oral cavity
Complete blockage of air in the oral cavity means that in nasal sounds
Air can make its way to the nasal cavity where it vibrates with a characteristic sound
Why may you also hear nasals being called nasal stops?
As the air in the oral cavity is stopped completely even though it can escape through the nose
This manner of articulation is not just about degree of structure but also
About whether air flows into the nasal cavity
What are the two larger manner classes that we can group sounds and the labels into?
Obstruents and sonorants
What is an obstruent?
Sounds that involve some kind of pressure change and noise in their production
What do obstruents include?
Plosives
Affricates
Fricatives
With these obstruent sounds
The velum must be raised- that is there must be Velic closure -since otherwise pressure cannot build up because air simply escapes through the nasal cavity
Obstruents can be?
Voiced or voiceless
One way that we can make sound audible is vocal fold vibration, another is?
To create noise within the oral cavity and all obstruents contain some such noise either from the release of plosives or from the friction present in Fricatives and affricates
Because of this pressure build up
Voiceless sounds will be audible due to the friction created whereas voiced obstruents contain both noise due to pressure and audible vocal fold vibrations
Sonorants sounds
Do not involve changes in pressure or the production of noise
Sonorants sounds can be produced with either
A raised or lowered velum and are always voiced or they would not be audible (recall that no noise is produced in the oral cavity, we saw this in the case of approximants)
For median and lateral approximants the velum can be
Raised or lowered depending on surrounding sounds
Nasals
Velum is always lowered
We can also classify vowels as
Sonorants
One type of trill is
The sound people make when they are rolling their r’s or imitating a cat purring
For a trill, one articulator
Taps rapidly against another
A tap
Can be though of as a very brief plosive
In a tap the articulators
Come together completely, but only very briefly, so there is not enough time for pressure to build up, and the characteristic popping noise of a plosive is not heard
Taps are also though of as
One cycle of a trill
A lateral fricative is one where the major blockage of air is in
The midline of the vocal tract- air passes around the sides of the tongue, as for a lateral approximant but this time the tongue edges are narrow ,rather than wide ,approximation to the sides of the roof of the mouth
This means that air in lateral Fricatives
Becomes turbulent as it escapes and friction is heard
