Manner Of Articulation Part Two

Question 1

What involves complete constriction?

Answer 1

Plosives, nasals, taps and trills

Question 2

Describe the approach in the production of plosives

Answer 2

Quiet-can be altered depending on context

Question 3

Describe the closure in the production of plosives

Answer 3

Period of silence (voiceless sounds)
Voicing buzz (voiced sounds)
Place of closure determines place of articulation

Question 4

Describe the release stage in the production of plosives

Answer 4

Most noisy =explosion of held airflow. Can be altered depending on context

Question 5

Fricatives involve

Answer 5

Narrow constriction-air becomes choppy and turbulent-hissing noise

Question 6

Describe airflow in fricatives

Answer 6

Air from lungs flows through narrow opening (closed velum)

Question 7

What sounds involve wide constriction?

Answer 7

Approximants and lateral approximants

Question 8

Lateral approximants entail?

Answer 8

Closure with alveolar ridge and opening at side of tongue e.g l

Question 9

Describe an affricate

Answer 9

Approach -plosive
Release-fricative

E.g ch and j sounds

Question 10

Affricate scan be produced by?

Answer 10

Any combination of plosive and fricative at the same place of articulation

Question 11

Manner of articulation refers to

Answer 11

How air flows in the vocal tract

Question 12

Manner of articulation is concerned with?

Answer 12

The degree of stricture in the vocal tract which refers to how close the articulators get when a sound is formed

Question 13

If a plosive is produced between vowels we can say that the plosive has?

Answer 13

Wide oral release, as the active articulator moves far away from the passive articulator in the release phase

Question 14

Fricative a are characterised by?

Answer 14

The hissing sound that can be heard when they are produced

Question 15

How does the hissing in fricative a come about?

Answer 15

The air from the lungs is escaping through a small gap - the air becomes choppy and turbulent and hissing is heard

Question 16

With fricative a the articulators come close together but do not touch. This is called?

Answer 16

Narrow approximation

Question 17

Approximants sounds are rather like vowels in some ways, they are produced with?

Answer 17

Little constriction in the vocal tract so that air passage is not restricted

Question 18

When are approximants formed?

Answer 18

When the articulators are positioned in wide approximation so that the gap between them is not narrow enough to cause friction

Question 19

When producing a nasal sound,

Answer 19

The actions in the oral cavity are the same as for a plosive at the same place of articulation

Question 20

The difference between n and d is the position of the velum. When velum is raised it seal off the nasal cavity so that air cannot escape through the nose. This is known as?

Answer 20

Velic closure

Question 21

When the velum is lowered

Answer 21

Air can escape through the nose

Question 22

What is the effect of a lowered velum when producing nasal ?

Answer 22

The air does not build up behind the closed articulators. It cannot pass them but as the velum is lowered the air can and does escape through the nose

Question 23

What is the crucial difference between a nasal and a plosive?

Answer 23

The velum is lowered for a nasal and raised for a plosive yet they both have a complete blockage to air in the oral cavity

Question 24

Complete blockage of air in the oral cavity means that in nasal sounds

Answer 24

Air can make its way to the nasal cavity where it vibrates with a characteristic sound

Question 25

Why may you also hear nasals being called nasal stops?

Answer 25

As the air in the oral cavity is stopped completely even though it can escape through the nose

Question 26

This manner of articulation is not just about degree of structure but also

Answer 26

About whether air flows into the nasal cavity

Question 27

What are the two larger manner classes that we can group sounds and the labels into?

Answer 27

Obstruents and sonorants

Question 28

What is an obstruent?

Answer 28

Sounds that involve some kind of pressure change and noise in their production

Question 29

What do obstruents include?

Answer 29

Plosives
Affricates
Fricatives

Question 30

With these obstruent sounds

Answer 30

The velum must be raised- that is there must be Velic closure -since otherwise pressure cannot build up because air simply escapes through the nasal cavity

Question 31

Obstruents can be?

Answer 31

Voiced or voiceless

Question 32

One way that we can make sound audible is vocal fold vibration, another is?

Answer 32

To create noise within the oral cavity and all obstruents contain some such noise either from the release of plosives or from the friction present in Fricatives and affricates

Question 33

Because of this pressure build up

Answer 33

Voiceless sounds will be audible due to the friction created whereas voiced obstruents contain both noise due to pressure and audible vocal fold vibrations

Question 34

Sonorants sounds

Answer 34

Do not involve changes in pressure or the production of noise

Question 35

Sonorants sounds can be produced with either

Answer 35

A raised or lowered velum and are always voiced or they would not be audible (recall that no noise is produced in the oral cavity, we saw this in the case of approximants)

Question 36

For median and lateral approximants the velum can be

Answer 36

Raised or lowered depending on surrounding sounds

Question 37

Nasals

Answer 37

Velum is always lowered

Question 38

We can also classify vowels as

Answer 38

Sonorants

Question 39

One type of trill is

Answer 39

The sound people make when they are rolling their r’s or imitating a cat purring

Question 40

For a trill, one articulator

Answer 40

Taps rapidly against another

Question 41

A tap

Answer 41

Can be though of as a very brief plosive

Question 42

In a tap the articulators

Answer 42

Come together completely, but only very briefly, so there is not enough time for pressure to build up, and the characteristic popping noise of a plosive is not heard

Question 43

Taps are also though of as

Answer 43

One cycle of a trill

Question 44

A lateral fricative is one where the major blockage of air is in

Answer 44

The midline of the vocal tract- air passes around the sides of the tongue, as for a lateral approximant but this time the tongue edges are narrow ,rather than wide ,approximation to the sides of the roof of the mouth

Question 45

This means that air in lateral Fricatives

Answer 45

Becomes turbulent as it escapes and friction is heard