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GIGU > Male and Female Perineum > Flashcards

Male and Female Perineum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the inferior region of the trunk that contains the external genitalia and anal canal?

A

perineum

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2
Q

Describe the shape of the perineum viewed from below?

A

diamond-shaped area between thighs

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3
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the peritoneum?

A

ischiopubic rami

sacrotuberous ligaments

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4
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the peritoneum?

A

coccyx

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5
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the peritoneum?

A

pubic symphysis

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6
Q

What is the superior boundary of the perineum?

A

pelvic diaphragm separates perineum from pelvic cavity

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7
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the perineum?

A

skin of external genitalia and anal canal

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8
Q

What is the perineum subdivided into via line b/t BL ischial tuberosities?

A

Urogenital triangle

Anal triangle

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9
Q

What are the boundaries of the anal triangle of peritoneum?

A

1: imaginary line b/t ischial tuberosities
2: coccyx
3: sacrotuberous ligaments

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10
Q

What are the boundaries of the urogenital triangle of peritoneum?

A

1: imaginary line b/t ischial tuberosities
2: pubic symphysis
3: ischiopubic rami

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11
Q

What are the contents of the anal canal?

A

continuous with rectum via anal columns @ anorectal line

inferior anal columns joined by anal valves (folds)–>pectinate line

just below valves are anal sinuses that contain glands for lubrication

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12
Q

What plexus is located in the wall of the distal half of the anal canal?

A

external rectal venous plexus

–>drains into internal pudendal veins

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13
Q

What sphincter is smooth muscle circulating around proximal 2/3 anal canal?

A

internal anal sphincter

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14
Q

What innervates the internal anal sphincter?

A

pelvic splanchnic N

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15
Q

What is skeletal muscle surrounding distal 2/3 anal canal?

A

external anal sphincter

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16
Q

What innervates the external anal sphincter?

A

inferior rectal nerve (S4)

–>a branch off of pudendal N

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17
Q

What is the external anal sphincter attached to anatomically?

A

anococcygeal ligament posteriorly

perineal body anteriorly

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18
Q

What direction is the anal canal oriented?

A

posterioinferiorly

–>d/t anterio pull of puborectalis M

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19
Q

What direction is the anal canal oriented?

A

posterioinferiorly

–>d/t anterio pull of puborectalis M

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20
Q

What are ischiorectal fossae?

A

wedge-shaped fat deposits on either side of the anal canal

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21
Q

What is the lateral wall of the ischiorectal fossa?

A

obturator internus M and ischium

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22
Q

What is the superomedial wall of ischiorectal fossa?

A

levator ani M and anal canal

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23
Q

What is the base of the ischiorectal fossa?

A

skin of perineum

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24
Q

What is on the medial surface of the obturator internus M?

A

pudendal canals

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25
Why do ischiorectal fossae exist?
so the anal canal can distend during defecation -->no organs can interfere d/t fat filled
26
What reside in the pudendal canals?
pudendal N internal pudendal A internal pudendal V
27
What passes from the pudendal canal, through the ischiorectal fossa to the anal canal?
``` inferior rectal N -->off pudendal N inferior rectal A -->off internal pudendal A inferior rectal V --->off internal pudendal V ```
28
What is the pectinate line
junction of anal columns with anal valves
29
What innervates superior to pectinate line?
visceral afferent fibers
30
What innervates inferior to pectinate line?
somatic afferent fibers vis Inferior Rectal N | -->branch off pudendal N
31
What is the female homolog to the penis?
clitoris
32
Where does lymph from superficial perineal space, distal vagina and anal canal below pectinate line drain into?
superficial inguinal nodes
33
Where does lymph from deep perineal space, prox vagina, prox anal canal drain into?
internal iliac nodes
34
The pudendal N supplies all structures that receive blood from ______
internal pudendal A
35
What are the 4 fibers contained within the pudendal N?
1: pregang para for glands and SM 2: somatic motor fibers to skeletal M 3: somatic sensory to glands and SM, perineal skin, distal anal canal and distal vagina 4: postgang symp to glands and SM
36
What are the two major vessels that supply the perineum?
internal pudendal A --> via internal iliac A external pudendal A --> via femoral A
37
What A supplies superficial branches to scrotum and penis?
external pudendal A | -->via femoral A
38
What A supplies superficial branches to the labia major and clitoris?
external pudendal A | ---> via femoral A
39
What composes the urogenital triangle?
deep and superficial perineal spaces
40
What is contained in the deep perineal space of urogenital triangle?
Urogenital Diaphragm - -> urethra (1st part in females, membranous in males) - ->deep perineal muscles - ->bulbourethral glands in males
41
What are the fxn of bulbourethral glands in males?
ducts empty into penile urethra, secrete clear mucous during sexual activity to lubricate prior to ejaculation
42
Where does the deep transverse perineus muscle insert?
perineal body in m and f
43
What is the fxn of external urethral sphincter in males?
surrounds membranous urethra, relaxes to allow urination or ejaculation
44
What is the urogenital diaphragm?
continuous sheet of muscle that spans gap b/t ischiopubic rami -->superior and inferior fascial layers fuse A to P -->perineal body attaches to midpoint of its posterior border
45
Why is the urogenital diaphragm split in females?
split in half by passage of vagina
46
What attaches to the posterior urogenital diaphragm?
perineal body -->runs along imaginary line separating anal and urogenital triangles
47
Where is the superficial perineal space?
potential space deep to skin, covers external genitalia
48
Why is the perineal space split in 2 in females?
d/t vestibule of vagina
49
What is in the superficial perineal space of males?
1: root of penis 2: body or shaft of penis 3: superficial transverse perineus muscle (part of perineal body)
50
What is in the superficial perineal space of females?
1: labia majora 2: labia minora 3: clitoris 4: bulbs of vestibule 5: greater vestibular glands (bartholin's glands) 6: superficial transverse perineus M
51
What is included in the root of the penis?
- R and L crura-->converge to make corpus cavernosum - bulb of penis - ischiocavernosus M surround free surface of each crus - bulbospongiosus M wraps around bulb and posterior corpus spongiosum
52
What is the fxn, O/I of ischiocavernosus M?
surrounds free surface of each crus, attaches to ischiopubic ramus and inserts into corpus cavernosum (erectile tissue) -->maintain erection by compressing veins in corpora cavernosa
53
What is the fxn, O/I of bulbospongiosus M?
from perineal body and raphe of penis, wraps around bulb and posterior part of corpus spongiosum (erectile tissue) --> aids in emptying the urethra or urine or semen
54
What comprises the body/shaft of penis?
skin, subq tissue, erectile tissue (corpus spongiosum and 2 corpora cavernosa) -->corpora cavernosa is the same as corpus cavernosum
55
Where is the superficial transverse perineus M in males and females?
posterior border of urogenital diaphragm
56
Labia majora unite anteriorly to form ___
mons pubis
57
Labia minora surround ______
vestibule of the vagina
58
What comprises the vestibule of the vagina?
external urethral orifice vaginal orifice openings of: paraurethral glands and greater vestibular glands
59
What is the clitoris comprised of?
2 crura 2 corpora cavernosa one body glans clitoris (what is externally visible)
60
Describe the anatomy of the clitoris
each crus continuous with corpus cavernosum (corpora cavernosa) which is composed of erectile tissue -->surrounded by ischiocavernosus M (same fxn as males, to maintain "erection" and prevent return of blood) both corpora cavernosa unite to form body of clitoris which is continuous with glans clitoris
61
What are the bulbs of the vaginal vestibule?
deep to skin of labia minora -->erectile tissue that is covered by bulbocavernosus M attached to perineal body -->compresses bulbs during sexual activity to retard return of venous blood flow
62
What are the greater vestibular glands or Bartholin's glands?
produce clear mucous to lubricate vulva during sexual arousal
63
Is there fat under the skin of the penis?
NO
64
What are causes of male impotence?
- nerve damage to prostatic nerve plexus - atherosclerosis - Type 2 DM - spinal cord injury - hormonal disorders - psych disorders
65
Define episiotomy
surgical incision between vagina and anus to prevent perineal tear during delivery
66
What is the most common type of episiotomy?
mediolateral incision through posterior vaginal wall, bulbospongiosus M, superficial transverse perineus M, skin and fascia
67
How many layers of sutures are required to repair an episiotomy?
3 | vaginal wall, muscle, subQ

GIGU (37 decks)

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