Macromolecules / Cells Flashcards
What are examples of carbohydrates?
• sugars
• starches
What is the FUNCTION of carbohydrates?
• short-term energy source
What are common monomers of carbohydrates?
• glucose
• galactose
• fructose
What is the chemical formula for carbohydrates?
(CH 2 OH) n +
What is the chemical formula for the MONOMERS of carbohydrates?
(C 6 H 12 O 6)
What is a monosaccharide?
• simple sugar
• single monomer of a carbohydrate
(Ex: glucose, galactose, fructose molecules)
What is a disaccharide?
• a parting of monosaccharides
(Glucose + galactose = lactose)
(Glucose + glucose = maltose)
(Glucose + fructose = sucrose)
What is an oligosaccharide?
• made up of 3-10 monosaccharides
What is a polysaccharide?
• made up of a long chain of monosaccharides (11 or more)
Monosaccharides are linked together through….? What?
• glycosidic linkages
What are examples of lipids?
• triglycerides
• phospholipids
• steroids
Are lipids polar or non-polar?
• non-polar
Saturated vs. Unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated:
• contain only single-bonded carbons in its hydrogen chain. (SOLID)
Unsaturated:
• contain one or more double bonds between carbons
• mono-unsaturated = one double bond / polyunsaturated = many double bonds
What are phospholipids?
• composed of 2 fatty acid molecules, a glycerol molecule, a phosphate group and an R-group
• gives the lipid a polar end (head) and a non-polar end (tail)
cell membranes are composed of phospholipids!
What are steroids? (Ex: hormones)
• lipids where hydrogen carbons are arranged into 4 connected rings
• component of cell membranes in animals (present in their blood)
What is the monomer of proteins?
• amino acids
What do amino acids contain?
• an amino group
• a carboxyl group
• a hydrogen atom
• an R-group (often a carbon-based side chain)
there are 20 common amino acids that can be arranged into different combinations
Amino acids joined together though which type of bond?
• peptide bonds
What are the structures of a protein (4)
Primary:
• the order/sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide
Secondary:
• the folding of the sequence of amino acids as polar regions of the peptide create hydrogen bonds with each other
Tertiary:
• polar R groups interacting with the aqueous
• environment (hydrophilic) or interacting with each other through hydrogen bonding
Quaternary:
• takes place if there is more than one polypeptide involved in making the protein
What is protein denaturation?
• happens when the intermolecular bonds between immuno acids are broken
• bonds can be hydrophilic interactions like hydrogen bonds as like as hydrophobic interactions
• disrupting these intermolecular bonds results and changes to the secondary tertiary and coronary structures of proteins
• breaking these interactions, results in potentially changing the shape of the protein and doing so, prevents the protein from performing its normal functions
Where are proteins made?
• ribosomes
Are proteins polar or non-polar?
• polar
What are nucleic acids made up of? (DNA and RNA)
• chains of nucleotides (monomers)
• dna / rna are different types pt nucleotides
What are nucleotides made up of?
• a phosphate group
• a sugar (either ribose = rna or deoxyribose = dna)
• a nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine/uracil)
