Genetics Flashcards
What makes up a nucleotide?
• nucleotide monomers make up the polymer of nucleic acid known as DNA or RNA
DNA vs. RNA
DNA:
• double strand a DNA molecule. It makes use of four different nucleotides (adenine, THYMINE, guanine, cytosine). Its sugar has no hydroxyl group off of carbon 2
RNA:
• remains as a single stranded RNA molecule. It makes use of four different nucleotides (adenine, URACIL, guanine, cytosine). It’s sugar has a hydroxyl group off of carbon 2
What type of bonds are held together between the bases of nucleotides?
• hydrogen bonds
What are the stages of DNA replication?
• initiation
• elongation
• termination
What is initiation in DNA replication?
origin of replication:
• initiator proteins to bind to a specific sequence on the DNA
Helicase:
• enzymes, unravel and separate the double-stranded DNA
Binding proteins and topoisomerase:
• help to stabilize the strands of DNA
Replication bubble:
• forms as strands of DNA separate
Replication fork:
• at each end of the bubble
What is the elongation stage in DNA replication?
primase:
• attach RNA primers on each strand of DNA
DNA polymerase III:
• can begin adding nucleotides that are complementary to the template (original ) strand
Nucleotides:
• are attached to the 3’ end of the proceeding nucleotide (5’ to 3’)
What is Leading strand vs. Lagging strand?
Leading:
• can be replicated as one long, continuous strand, starting with just one RNA primer
Lagging:
• will be replicated in smaller sections known as Okazaki fragrance because DNA polymers will be moving away from the replication fork
What does DNA polymerase I do in elongation of DNA replication?
• this enzyme has exonuclease ability that allows it to cut and remove all RNA primers
• it can then insert DNA to replace the RNA
What does DNA ligase do in DNA replication?
• this enzyme, reconnected the newly inserted DNA with the rest of the synthesized strand
What is termination in DNA replication?
• when’s the newly copied trends are complete, the proteins and enzyme supporting replication are removed
What is a genome?
•
The total amount of genetic material of an organism
What is a gene?
• codes for something
• a functional unit of DNA that goes onto code for the production of a protein or RNA
Prokaryotic cells vs. eucaryotic cells:
Prokaryotic:
• genome is in the form, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule
• no nucleus
• enzymes help to super coil and compact the DNA
• some prokaryotes have plasma
Eukaryotic:
• much more DNA molecules
• his stones help in the winding and folding of DNA into bead like structures called nucleosomes
