Macromolecules Flashcards
What are the four basic organic macromolecules produced by ANABOLIC reactions?
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids
- nucleic acids
What are macromolecules?
large and complex, play an important role in CELL STRUCTURE and FUNCTION
What are the four basic building blocks involved in catabolic reactions?
Monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides
Where does the primary source of energy come from and how?
Carbohydrates since they can be easily converted into glucose
Glucose can be broken down by what?
respiration or fermentations by GLYCOLYSIS
- involved in photosynthesis and respiration
Carbohydrates take form of some variation of…
CH2O
What are the types of monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, sucrose
The simple sugars can be grouped into what two groups?
monosaccharides and disaacharides
- belong under carbohydrates
Monosaccharides have ____ carbon for every ____ water molecule
1,1
What is the funtion of carbohydrates?
- structural functions
- providing energy
- recognition molecules
Lipids _____ mix well with water solutions.
Do NOT
Which macromolecules can be polymers?
Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
What is the function of lipids?
- energy storage
- structural functions
What does lipid have?
many C-H bonds
Example of lipids
- fat
- phospholipids
- steroid
Fats are made of long chains of…
Three fatty acids bound to a glycerol
What are chains with reduced carbon at one end and a carboxylic acid group at the other?
fatty acids
phospholipids (structure)
- lipids
- have two fatty acids molecules bonded to 1 glycerol (have a phosphate group)
Glycerides are formed from…
Fatty acids and glycerol
Fat and oil are examples of what kind of lipid?
Glycerides
What type of lipid is derived from cholesterol?
steroids
What are macromolecules formed from amino acids?
proteins
Amino acids bind to form…
Peptides (10-100 linked together is polypeptide)
- they are a compound of 2 or more amino acids
Peptide connections are the result of _________
Condensation reactions
What is a condensation reaction?
Loss of water when two molecules are joined together
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
ADDITION of water when two molecules are joined
____ is added to the smaller molecule and _____ is aded to the other molecule during a hydrolysis reaction.
Hydrogen, hydroxide
What are formed by the partial hydrolysis of a protein?
Amino acids
Partial hydrolysis involves what two things?
Amine group and a carboxylic acid
In the carbon chain of amino acids, what is included?
Carboxylic acid group, Amine group, central carbon atom, attached hydrogen, and an attached “R” group (side chain)
What determines the properties of protein?
The “R” group, or the side chain
Which protein have hydrophilic properties?
Globular proteins
Enzymes
- proteins with strong catalytic power
- accelerate speed with at which specific reactions approach equilibirum
How do enzymes speed up reactions?
By lowering the energy required by the system to initiate the reaction
Each type of enzyme deals with reactants, also called ______
substrates
Enzymes only interact with what kind of substrates?
Only with substrates that are a match.
Are enzymes selective or open?
selective
Which type of macromolecule are composed of nucleotides?
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are broken down by enzymes to produce __________
Shorter strings of RNA and DNA
oligonucleotides
-are broken down into smaller sugar nitrogenous units (aka nucleosides)
Nucleosides
- can be digested by cells since the sugar is divided from the nitrogenous base
Macromolecular nucleic acid polymers
- are monomeric units joined by phosphodiester bonds
nitrogen fixation
used to synthesize nucleotides for DNA and amino acids for proteins
What uses the enzyme nitrogenase in the reduction of dinitrogen gas to ammonia?
nitrogen fixation
What catalyzes the transfer of genetic information into protein coded information?
RNA
_____ contains nucleotides composed of a deoxyribose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate molecule.
DNA
triglycerides (structure)
made of 1 glycerol molecules attached to 3 fatty acid molecules
What is the function of triglycerides?
- source of energy when carbs not available
- helps with absorption of certain vitamins
- help insulate body and maintain normal core temperature
phospholipids (function)
protects cells; which allows them to mix with aqueous solutions
steroids (structure)
made up of 4 fused carbon rings
steroids (functions)
- often mixed into phospholipids bilayers to maintain structure of cell membrane and aid in cell signaling
- essential for regulation of metabolism and immune response
nucleic acid (structure)
made up of 5-carbon sugar molecules with nitrogen-containing base and 1+ phosphate groups attached
DNA
in charge of long-term storage of genetic info that can be passed on to generations
RNA
single-stranded and responsible for directing construction of proteins within cells
protein (function)
- help maintain and repair body tissue
- provide source of energy
- form antibodies to aid immune system
- large component in transporting molecules within body
