English and Language Terms Flashcards
consonant and y
plural replaced by replacing the y with ies
consonant and o
pluralized by adding es (Ex: heroes)
vowel and o
pluralized by adding s
compound nouns
a noun that is made up of two or more words (Ex: mother-in-law)
homophones
words pronounced in the same way, but different meanings
common nouns
class of objects or class or people, places, things (Ex: girl, boy, dog, cat)
proper nouns
SPECIFIC person, place, or things (Texas, NY, Mi Nguyen)
general nouns
names of conditions or ideas (Ex: Condition- beauty, strength; Idea- truth, peace)
specific nouns
name people, places, and things that are understood by using your sense (ex: baby, friend, father)
pronouns
words that stand in for a noun (ex: he, she, you)
transitive verb
verb whose action POINTS TO THE RECEIVER (ex: he plays the piano)
intransitive verb
DO NOT point to a receiver of an action (ex: He plays.)
concrete nouns
something you can experience with your senses
abstract nouns
an idea, something you cant see, taste or touch, its not physical (ex: fears)
linking verb
link the subject of a sentence to a noun or pronoun, or link subject with adjective (ex: I FEEL tired.)
active voice
when the subject of the sentence is doing the action
passive voice
when the subject receives the action
auxillary verb
verb needed to show the change in form (ex: am, are, is)
present perfect
the action started in the PAST and continues into the PRESENT (ex: I have walked to the store three times today.)
past perfect
the second action happened in the past (ex: Before I walked to the store, I had walked to the library.)
future perfect
an action that uses the past and future (ex: When she comes for the supplies [future moment], I will have walked to the store [past].
indicative moods
used for facts, opinions, and questions
imperative
used for orders or requests
subjunctive moods
for wishes and statements that go AGAINST fact– causes trouble (ex: If I were you, I would do this.)
positive degree (adj)
the normal form of an adjective
comparative degree (adj)
compares one person or thing to another person or thing
superlative degree (adj)
compares more than two people or thing
adverb
word that is used to modify a verb,adj, or another adverb— answers When? Where? How? Why? (Ex: He walks quickly through the crowd.)
preposition
a word placed BEFORE a noun or pronoun that shows the relationship btw an object and another word in the sentence (ex: The napkin is IN the drawer.)
coordinating conjuctions
connect EQUAL parts of the sentence (ex: and, but, yet, for, nor)
correlative conjuctions
show the connection between pairs (ex: EITHER you are coming, OR you are staying.)
subordinating conjuctions
join subordinate clauses with the independent clause (ex: I am hungry BECAUSE I did not eat breakfast.) (ex: He went home WHEN everyone left.)
interjection
word for exclamation that is used alone or as a piece to a sentence (ex: Hey!; Wow!
quotation marks
used around the title SHORT WORKS: newspaper and magazine, article poems, short stories, songs, television episodes)
italics
books, movies, plays (more than one act), newspapers, magazines, and long musical pieces
predicate
what remains when you have found the subject
subject-verb agreement
verbs agree with their subjects in number— in other words, singular subjects need singular verbs
predicate nouns
nouns that MODIFY the subject and finish linking verbs (ex: My father is a LAWYER.)
predicate adj
adj that modify the subject and finish linking the verbs (ex: Your mother is PATIENT.)
antecedent
noun that has been replaced by pronoun (Jonathan = he)
adverb clause
depend. clause that modifies verbs, adj, and other adverbs (ex: WHEN YOU WALKED OUTSIDE, I called the manager.)
declarative sentences
states a fact and ends with a period
imperative sentences
tells someone to do something and ens with a period
interrogative sentences
asks a question and ends with a question marks
exclamatory sentences
shows strong emotion and ends with an exclamation point
complex-sentences
has 1 independent clause and 1+ dependent clauses
compound-complex sentences
has at least 2 independent clauses and at least 1 dependent clause
jargon
a specialized vocabulary that is used among members of a traded or profession– tries to impress than inform
Split infinitive
When a modifying word comes between the word to and the verb that pairs with to (ex: To CLEARLY explain vs. To explain CLEARLY)
Colloquialisms
Non standard forms of language
Contraction
Do not (formal); don’t (informal)
Expository
explain, describe, give information
descriptive
describes the topic
