Macromolecules

Question 0

What are carbs and sugars used for? (3 things)

Answer 0

Fuel source for chemical energy
Structure
Cell recognition and communication

Question 1

Name four important macromolecule groups

Answer 1

Sugars and carbs
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins

Question 2

What is the difference between Alfa-glucose and Beta-glucose?

Answer 2

Alpha has the two hydroxyl groups on the same side of the plane, Beta has one on either side.

Question 3

What is a name for a carb bent in a circle?

Answer 3

Saccharide

Question 4

What are two polysaccharides used for storage?

Answer 4

Glycogen and starch

Question 5

What are two polysaccharides used for structure?

Answer 5

Cellulose and chitin

Question 6

What is the structure of proteins?

Answer 6

Polymers of amino acids

Question 7

How many amino acids are there?

Answer 7

20

Question 8

What’s the typical pH of a cell?

Answer 8

7.2

Question 9

What three functional groups make up the backbone of an amino acid?

Answer 9

1. Amino group
2. Hydrogen
3. Carboxyl group

Question 10

How do amino acids connect?

Answer 10

Through dehydration synthesis, the carboxylate group of one connects with the amino group of another amino acid

Question 11

What are the properties of polar amino acids?

Answer 11

A lot of hydrogen bonds, which results in an uneven charge

They are very hydrophilic

Question 12

What are properties of non-polar amino acids?

Answer 12

No hydrogen bonds, so balanced charge

Hydrophobic

Question 13

What does primary structure look like?

Answer 13

A long flat sheet

Question 14

What can secondary structure look like?

Answer 14

Alpha-helix OR a beta-pleated sheet

Question 15

What happens in tertiary structure?

Answer 15

The protein starts to fold, and it becomes a subunit

Question 16

Quaternary structure: what happens here?

Answer 16

4 subunits form a protein

Question 17

Hormonal proteins: what do they do?

Answer 17

Coordination of an organism’s activities

Example: insulin, stimulates cells to take up glucose

Question 18

Receptor proteins: what do they do?

Answer 18

Function: response of cell to chemical stimuli

Example: receptors in nerve cell detect signalling molecules

Question 19

Contractile and motor proteins: what do they do?

Answer 19

Function: movement
Examples: motor proteins

Question 20

Structural proteins?

Answer 20

Function is structure

Example is keratin, used in hair

Question 21

What are enzymatic proteins?

Answer 21

Acceleration of chemical reactions

Question 22

Defence proteins?

Answer 22

Protect from disease

Antibodies are an example

Question 23

Storage proteins

Answer 23

Function: storage of amino acids
Example: casein, the protein in milk, holds amino acids

Question 24

Transport proteins

Answer 24

Transports substances, duh | Example: hemoglobin

Question 25

Lipids definition

Answer 25

Hydrophobic They are not polymers They make up the fatty acids Foundation of all biological membranes

Question 26

What is molecule called that has a polar and no polar region?

Answer 26

Amphipathic

Question 27

What are specialized cells that store triglycerides called

Answer 27

Adipocytes

Question 28

What is a triglyceride made of?

Answer 28

1 glycerin and 3 fatty acids

Question 29

These are lipids to which a mono or oligo Saccharide is added and Used for cell recognition

Answer 29

Glycolipids

Question 30

What are characteristic of all steroids?

Answer 30

Four aromatic rings

Question 31

What are the three components of a steroid?

Answer 31

Polar OH group Four joined aromatic rings (sterol core) Carbon chain tail

Question 32

What are the four nucleotides in DNA? | What is replaced in RNA, and what is that called?

Answer 32

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine | Thymine, replaced with uracil

Question 33

The three components of a nucleotide

Answer 33

Phosphate group Sugar Nitrogenous base

Question 34

What functional group branches off the end of a fatty acid carbon chain?

Answer 34

Carboxilic acid

Question 35

What are fat cells called?

Answer 35

Adipocytes

Question 36

What is the difference between a liposome and a micelle?

Answer 36

Liposomes have a hole in the middle

Question 37

What is the main steroid in invertebrates?

Answer 37

Cholesterol

Question 38

What two polysaccharides serve as storage?

Answer 38

Glycogen and starch

Question 39

What are two of the bonds found in tertiary structure?

Answer 39

Hydrogen and disulphides bonds

Question 40

What is a glycolipid?

Answer 40

Used for recognition, signalling, and binding on the outside of the cell

Question 41

What are glycolipids attached to in the plasma membrane

Answer 41

Ceramide

Question 42

What is the length of a base Skelton of an amino acid?

Answer 42

110 daltons

Question 43

Where are steroids produced?

Answer 43

Mitochondria

Question 44

What is the structure of centrioles

Answer 44

9 Microtubules triplets in a ring