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BIO 1140 > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

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0
Q

What are carbs and sugars used for? (3 things)

A

Fuel source for chemical energy
Structure
Cell recognition and communication

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1
Q

Name four important macromolecule groups

A

Sugars and carbs
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins

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2
Q

What is the difference between Alfa-glucose and Beta-glucose?

A

Alpha has the two hydroxyl groups on the same side of the plane, Beta has one on either side.

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3
Q

What is a name for a carb bent in a circle?

A

Saccharide

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4
Q

What are two polysaccharides used for storage?

A

Glycogen and starch

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5
Q

What are two polysaccharides used for structure?

A

Cellulose and chitin

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6
Q

What is the structure of proteins?

A

Polymers of amino acids

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7
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

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8
Q

What’s the typical pH of a cell?

A

7.2

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9
Q

What three functional groups make up the backbone of an amino acid?

A
  1. Amino group
  2. Hydrogen
  3. Carboxyl group
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10
Q

How do amino acids connect?

A

Through dehydration synthesis, the carboxylate group of one connects with the amino group of another amino acid

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11
Q

What are the properties of polar amino acids?

A

A lot of hydrogen bonds, which results in an uneven charge

They are very hydrophilic

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12
Q

What are properties of non-polar amino acids?

A

No hydrogen bonds, so balanced charge

Hydrophobic

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13
Q

What does primary structure look like?

A

A long flat sheet

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14
Q

What can secondary structure look like?

A

Alpha-helix OR a beta-pleated sheet

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15
Q

What happens in tertiary structure?

A

The protein starts to fold, and it becomes a subunit

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16
Q

Quaternary structure: what happens here?

A

4 subunits form a protein

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17
Q

Hormonal proteins: what do they do?

A

Coordination of an organism’s activities

Example: insulin, stimulates cells to take up glucose

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18
Q

Receptor proteins: what do they do?

A

Function: response of cell to chemical stimuli

Example: receptors in nerve cell detect signalling molecules

19
Q

Contractile and motor proteins: what do they do?

A

Function: movement
Examples: motor proteins

20
Q

Structural proteins?

A

Function is structure

Example is keratin, used in hair

21
Q

What are enzymatic proteins?

A

Acceleration of chemical reactions

22
Q

Defence proteins?

A

Protect from disease

Antibodies are an example

23
Q

Storage proteins

A

Function: storage of amino acids
Example: casein, the protein in milk, holds amino acids

24
Q

Transport proteins

A

Transports substances, duh

Example: hemoglobin

25
Q

Lipids definition

A

Hydrophobic
They are not polymers
They make up the fatty acids
Foundation of all biological membranes

26
Q

What is molecule called that has a polar and no polar region?

A

Amphipathic

27
Q

What are specialized cells that store triglycerides called

A

Adipocytes

28
Q

What is a triglyceride made of?

A

1 glycerin and 3 fatty acids

29
Q

These are lipids to which a mono or oligo Saccharide is added and
Used for cell recognition

A

Glycolipids

30
Q

What are characteristic of all steroids?

A

Four aromatic rings

31
Q

What are the three components of a steroid?

A

Polar OH group
Four joined aromatic rings (sterol core)
Carbon chain tail

32
Q

What are the four nucleotides in DNA?

What is replaced in RNA, and what is that called?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

Thymine, replaced with uracil

33
Q

The three components of a nucleotide

A

Phosphate group
Sugar
Nitrogenous base

34
Q

What functional group branches off the end of a fatty acid carbon chain?

A

Carboxilic acid

35
Q

What are fat cells called?

A

Adipocytes

36
Q

What is the difference between a liposome and a micelle?

A

Liposomes have a hole in the middle

37
Q

What is the main steroid in invertebrates?

A

Cholesterol

38
Q

What two polysaccharides serve as storage?

A

Glycogen and starch

39
Q

What are two of the bonds found in tertiary structure?

A

Hydrogen and disulphides bonds

40
Q

What is a glycolipid?

A

Used for recognition, signalling, and binding on the outside of the cell

41
Q

What are glycolipids attached to in the plasma membrane

A

Ceramide

42
Q

What is the length of a base Skelton of an amino acid?

A

110 daltons

43
Q

Where are steroids produced?

A

Mitochondria

44
Q

What is the structure of centrioles

A

9 Microtubules triplets in a ring

BIO 1140 (17 decks)

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