Apoptosis

Question 1

What are the two paths of cell death called?

Answer 1

Necrosis and Apoptosis

Question 2

Which of the two cell death pathways is unexpected

Answer 2

Necrosis

Question 3

In necrosis, what is the impact of losing the ATPase activity?

Answer 3

Loss of the electro chemical gradient, and a huge lack of atp

Question 4

Since ATP is no longer there after the atpase in lost in necrosis, what are the impacts of that?

Answer 4

Cellular functions no longer work, but esp. the water pumps are no longer working, causing the water that is pouring in to not be able to leave.

Question 5

Why is necrosis sometimes harmful to neighbouring cells?

Answer 5

enzymes contained in the cell are now spued into the environment, enzymes that can seriously damage other cells.

Question 6

What is the impact of all the water entering the necrotic cell?

Answer 6

the cell swells up til it bursts

Question 7

What can trigger necrosis?

Answer 7

Physical damage, disrupted blood supply, and ischemia

Question 8

what are two different kinds of apoptosis?

Answer 8

Intrinsic and extrinsic

Question 9

what are several ways that apoptosis can happen?

Answer 9

Loss of a survival factor, damaged DNA

Question 10

Where does the order for intrinsic apoptosis come from?

Answer 10

it is encoded in the cells own dna

Question 11

What does the original trigger in apoptosis activate?

Answer 11

Bad (pro-apoptotic)

Question 12

what does Bad inhibit, and what does it activate?

Answer 12

inhibits BCl2 and activates Bax and Bak

Question 13

What are the two types of caspases?

Answer 13

Initiators and executioners

Question 14

What do caspase initiators do?

Answer 14

Activate other destructive enzymes such as DNAase

Question 15

what do executioner caspases do?

Answer 15

Disrupt cell adhesion, disassemble the nuclear envelope, and change the cells shape and size

Question 16

What do Bax and Bac do?

Answer 16

initiate the mitochondria to release calcium, which open the permeability transition pore, which allows Cytochrome C to be released

Question 17

What is Cytochrome C?

Answer 17

They are molecules (from the mitochondria) that initiate the building of apoptosomes in the cytosol,

Question 18

What can apoptosomes do?

Answer 18

they can initiate caspase cascades

Question 19

Define blebbing

Answer 19

small vesicles pinch off from the original apoptotic cell

Question 20

What is the macromolecule called that flips phosphatidalserine to the outside of the blebs?

Answer 20

scramblase, a flipase

Question 21

What is the power source of scramblase

Answer 21

the extra calcium concentration present from what happened in the cell with the mitochondria letting all the calcium go

Question 22

What is mitophagy

Answer 22

The regulation of how many mitochondria are in a cell

Question 23

What two enzymes are responsible for cutting a mitochondria

Answer 23

F1S1 and DRP-1

Question 24

what happens to the healthy part of a mitochondria

Answer 24

It is moved to merge with another part of a healthy mitochondria

Question 25

What does the apoptosome do?

Answer 25

It is responsible for initiating caspase cascades

Question 26

Why do cells undergo apoptosis?

Answer 26

They have outlived their purpose, they are not needed in the adult version of the organism

Question 27

What is DNA laddering?

Answer 27

The fragmentation of DNA into pieces during apoptosis, seen when placed in a gel and the pieces are observed to spread apart

Question 28

What does Bad inhibit?

Answer 28

BCL2

Question 29

what causes blebbing?

Answer 29

The localized uncoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane