Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

adv. anatomy + physiology > m9 + 10 lecture - immune system > Flashcards

m9 + 10 lecture - immune system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the immune system do?

A
  • protects the body from invasion of foreign pathogens
    ex. ) bacteria, viruses, mold, fungi, parasites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the two parts of the immune system?

A

1) innate/nonspecific system
- this system is built in and always working to prevent infections
2) adaptive/specific system
- this system needs to be activated and is very specialized in fighting bacteria or viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the innate immune system?

A
  • built into the body’s nature structure
  • always working against pathogens,
  • provide immediate response
  • usually can take care of a pathogen before it causes a reaction
  • localized in its effect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the first line of defense?

A

surface barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

aspects of the first line of defense?

A

cutaneous membrane (skin)
—-> dead cells create barrier to pathogen
mucus membranes ( nose, mouth, GI tract, urogenital area)
—-> traps debris + pathogens in mucus before they come in contact w/ cells
acid mantle
—-> low pH of the skin, vagina, + stomach destroys most bacteria on the surface
lysozyme
—-> an antibacterial enzyme
—-> secreted by the sebaceoues glands, salivary glands, lacrimal glands + Brunner’s glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the second line of defense?

A

internal innate defenses
- these are activated if the pathogen breaks through the surface barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does inflammation occur?

A

swelling in response to tissue damage or chemical release
- inflammation is caused by histamine
- pain is caused by Bradykinin (both are from basophils/mast cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how do you identify inflammation?

A

hyperemia - increased BF to tissues
- heat = inc. BF
- redness = blood accumulation
- swelling = fluid accumulation
- pain = tissue damage
… due to exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the reason for inflammation?

A
  • isolates the area
  • increases blood flow for healing
  • initiates chemotaxis –> WBC attraction
  • allows entry of clotting proteins, and complement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what WBC types are phagocytes?

A

neutrophils
-acute bacterial infections
macrophages
- chronic bacterial or viral reactions
—> respiratory burst - a process that occurs when cells increase their oxygen consumption and metabolism, and release reactive oxygen species (ROS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are other WBC types?

A

mast cells (basophils)
- massive histamine release, allergies (inflammatory response)
natural killer cells (NK) - hybred lymphocyte
- called this because it is always on the lookout
- can recognize cells the immune system can not
- very important in fighting cancer (can dect mutations and kill them before becoming cancerous)
- injects Perforin to cause lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the three types leukocyte mobilization?

A
  • leukocytosis
  • chemotaxis
  • diapedesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is leukocytosis?

A
  • massive production and release of neutrophils from the bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A
  • migration of WBCs in response to chemical release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is diapedesis?

A
  • the movement of WBCs through a vessel wall and tissue cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is complement?

A
  • series of plasma proteins
  • works together with all other aspects of the immune system
  • complement fixation - attaches to bacteria
  • opsonization - helps to optimize the immune system
  • lysis - process of breaking down a cell’s membrane, which releases the cell’s contents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is an interferon?

A
  • released by virally infected cells
  • activates nearby cells WBCs and prevents the spread of the virus
  • types: alpha, beta, gamma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are pyrogens?

A
  • released by macrophages to stimulate the hypothalamus - to raise body temp.
  • causes elevated temp./ metabolism + a fever
  • its good to destroy bacterial proteins + helps speed up healing
  • feed fevers healthy food, sugars cause food coma for WBCs
  • fever is not dangerous until it reaches 104+/ 106 can be deadly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is adaptive immune system? (third line of defense)

A
  • activated when exposed to a pathogen
  • called the specific immune system
  • results in immunity from a virus or bacteria
  • is specific for an antigen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the two parts of the adaptive immune system?

A

humoral immune response - B cells
- antibodies are released to fight the antigen
cell mediated immune response - T cells
- T cells organize and fight the antigen directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are helper t cells?

A

“general” - organizes + makes decisions (by releasing chemicals called cytokines)
- these cells organize the cell mediated response
- w/o these cells there can be no response
- not only stimulate T cells but also B cells to proliferate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are cytotoxic T cells?

A
  • need to be activated by infection, are specific
  • killers of the cell mediated immune response
  • they can attach to infected T cells or pathogens and inject them with Perforin (causes lysis)
23
Q

what are B cells?

A
  • used in humoral immune response
  • found in lymph nodes
  • proliferate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies + memory B cells
24
Q

what are antigen presenting cells (APCs)?

A

“scouts” at intelligence agency (collect info.)
- dendritic cells (mostly macrophages, can be B cells)
- found in lymph nodes, surface membranes, spleen, + liver
- activate helper T cell - releases interleukin 1 ( a chemical communicator)

25
Q

what are the types of antigens?

A

1) MHC antigens
2) complete antigens
3) haptens

26
Q

what is an MHC antigen?

A
  • self antigens that WBCs are trained to identify (ex. blood type)
27
Q

what are complete antigens?

A

immunogenicity
- its size and shape (antigenic determinants - diff. than self)
- it’s able to activate the immune system to prod. antibodies
reactivity
- reacts w/ antibodies and WBCs

28
Q

what is immunogenicity?

A

the ability of a substance to cause an immune response in an organism

29
Q

what are haptens?

A
  • half antigens that can react w/ a self protein and cause a reaction (allergies - nonpathogenic objects causing an allergy)
30
Q

how do we acquire immunity?

A

naturally or artificially

31
Q

what are the two types of naturally acquired immunity?

A

active
- infection; contact w/ pathogen
passive
- antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant in her milk

32
Q

what are the two types of artificially acquired immunity?

A

active
- vaccine, dead or attenuated pathogens
passive
- injection of immune serum (gamma globulin)

33
Q

what are the four steps in the the primary immune response?

A

1) antigen challenge
2) proliferation
3) antibody prod./ immobilize + destroy
4) immunological memory: immunity

34
Q

how long does the primary immune response take to start?

A

3-5 days

35
Q

what occurs in the antigen challenge? (1st step - primary immune response)

A
  • first encounter w/ an antigen when it is identified as foreign
  • its antigenic determinants are identified
  • 3-6 days long
36
Q

what occurs in proliferation? (2nd step - primary immune response)

A
  • cells will begin to clone and multiply in great numbers

clonal selection
- helps to develop specific cells to fight the antigen
- activated B and T cells are prod.
- memory cells develop which are long lived and prod. immunity

37
Q

what occurs in antibody prod./immobilize and destroy? (3rd step - primary immune response)

A
  • helper t cells organize
  • cytotoxic cells attack the infected cells
38
Q

what are plasma cells? antibody prod./immobilize and destroy (3rd step - primary immune response)

A
  • prod. immunoglobulins (antibodies)
  • short lived - 4 to 5 days

large antibody factories
- filled w/ rough ER
- prod. up to 2000 molecules/sec

39
Q

what occurs in immunological memory/immunity? (4th step - primary immune response)

A

memory cells
- B cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells
- maintain the antigenic signature of the foreign antigen
- are always looking for the antigen to reappear

40
Q

what is the secondary immune response?

A
  • is much more aggressive and rapid due to the memory cells
  • does not require the antigen challenge (antigen’s already been identified)
  • 3 to 5 days for full scale response
  • each subsequent reaction is 10x more aggressive (reason why bee sting can be fatal the 2nd time)
41
Q

what are antibodies?

A
  • called immunoglobulins or Ig
  • made from looping polypeptide chains
  • T or Y shaped
  • prod. by plasma cells
    —> appear like a lobster and each has two binding sites, where they can react to an antigen
42
Q

what are the antibody classes?

A

1) IgD
2) IgM
3) IgG
4) IgA
5) IgE

43
Q

what is IgD? (antibody class)

A
  • triggers antigen challenge
  • always attached to a B cell and activates the B cell in a primary exposure
44
Q

what is IgM? (antibody class)

A
  • only one to exist as a pentamer
  • genetically prod.
  • readily causes agglutination (blood typing reaction) and activates complement
45
Q

what is IgG? (antibody class)

A
  • most abundant type
  • prod. by plasma cells in primary and secondary responses
  • crosses the placenta to provide passive immunity or may attack the fetus in an Rh reaction
46
Q

what is IgA? (antibody class)

A
  • normally a dimer shape
  • found in bodily secretions: saliva, tears, sweat, milk, and intestinal juice
  • neutralizes pathogens on the skin
47
Q

what is IgE? (antibody class)

A
  • found within the skin and mucus membranes
  • responsible for causing mast cells to release massive amts. of histamine (allergies can be made worse from this)
48
Q

what are the actions of antibodies?

A
  • opsonization (“optimizes” - process by which pathogens are marked for destruction by phagocytes)
  • neutralizes the pathogen
  • activates complement
49
Q

what are immunodeficiencies?

A
  • diagnosed as a problem in the effectiveness of the immune system - specifically WBCs

ex.) SCID - severe combined immunodeficiency
AIDS - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

50
Q

what is SCID?

A
  • missing B cells
  • a genetic defect that effects the lymphocytes
  • the child has very little protection against disease
51
Q

what is AIDS?

A
  • caused by the HIV virus - advanced version
  • this retro-virus attacks the Helper T cells and inactivates the cell mediated system
  • the virus multiplies in the lymph nodes and will steadily eliminate the memory cells from the system
  • normally death is caused by pneumococcus Carini
  • leading killer of people 25 to 44
52
Q

what are the types of immunosuppression?

A

stress induced
- cortisol = Cushing’s syndrome
drug induced
- Rhogam (Rh+)
- chemotherapy

53
Q

what are autoimmune diseases?

A
  • a hyperactivity of the immune system, where the body’s cells “look” foreign
    examples:
  • multiple sclerosis, juvenile diabetes (type 1), rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, lupus
    causes:
  • age
  • ineffective programming of lymphocytes
  • new self antigens appear as mutations
  • foreign antigens look like self antigens

adv. anatomy + physiology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions