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adv. anatomy + physiology > m1 + 2 lab - cells, life cycles and proliferation > Flashcards

m1 + 2 lab - cells, life cycles and proliferation Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two cell differentiation types?

A

mitosis and meiosis

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2
Q

what is mitosis?

A

cell division

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3
Q

what is the purpose of mitosis?

A

replacement, repair, and growth

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4
Q

what are the cell types in mitosis?

A

somatic cells (“soma” means body)

ex.) epithelium tissue
- muscle tissue
- connective tissue
- nerve tissue

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5
Q

what tissues are amitotic?

A
  • nerve cells
  • cardiac muscle
  • skeletal muscle
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6
Q

what is the purpose of meiosis?

A

procreation

  • genetic variation
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7
Q

what cells are used in meiosis?

A

gametes/ sex cells

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8
Q

what are outcomes that can happen if a cell does not go through the normal cell life cycle?

A
  • cell dies
  • cell turns cancerous
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9
Q

what is the process of meiosis?

A

Meiotic Division 1
- begins with replicated DNA (4n)
- cell division occurs (each become 2n)
Meiotic Division 2
- each cell of 2n divides through a second cell division, producing 4 haploids (n or 23 chromosomes each)

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10
Q

what is synapsis?

A

alignment of the homologous pairs at the cell equator – forming “tetrads”

in Prophase M1, maternal finds paternal

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11
Q

what is a crossover (genetic recombination)?

A

one chromatid segment of a homologous chromosome exchanges positions with another chromatid (crossing over, forms chiasma)

chromatids break off, those ends join their corresponding (new) chromosomes

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12
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

the process through which sperm cell production occurs

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13
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

what is the name of the stem cell used in spermatogenesis?

A

spermatogonia

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15
Q

pathway of spermatogenesis?

A

spermatids from spermatogonia mature in the Epididymis then spermiation occurs —> shedding of everything unnecessary

  • begins at puberty
  • ends at death
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16
Q

what are the hormones used in spermatogenesis?

A

FSH and testosterone

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17
Q

where does oogenesis occur?

A

ovary

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18
Q

what is the name of the stem cell used in oogenesis?

A

oogonia

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19
Q

pathway of oogenesis?

A
  • begins at 8th month of gestation
  • stops at Prophase of M1
  • starts again at puberty w/ only a few at a time due to FSH and LH
  • matures with the follicles
    process is not complete until it is fertilized
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20
Q

what happens in Metaphase M2 of oogenesis during puberty?

A

the oocyte is ovulated

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21
Q

how many sperm do males produce?

A

4 sperm, two X and two Y

22
Q

how many eggs do females produce?

A

only 1 viable egg, the other three sets of DNA are discarded

helps to increase survivability of the infant

23
Q

what does the hormone GnRH do to the anterior pituitary gland?

A

causing it to secrete FSH and LH - which target the ovaries

24
Q

what does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do?

A

oogenesis follicular development

25
Q

what does luteinizing hormone (LH) do?

A

stimulates ovulation hormone release
- estrogen and progesterone

26
Q

what do interstitial cells do?

A

produce testosterone

27
Q

what do sustentacular (sertoli) cells do?

A

nourish and protect the sperm

28
Q

what happens to sperm in the epididymis during spermiation?

A

sperm:
- matures
- stored
- reabsorbed

29
Q

what does capacitation do?

A

sperm need to mix with PSA (prostate specific antigen) to activate

30
Q

how many chromosomes do gametes contain?

A

23 chromosomes (not in pairs)

31
Q

what are the parts of a sperm cell?

A

head
- acrosome –> enzymatic covering
- nucleus –> n = 23
midpiece
tail

32
Q

what do estrogen and progesterone control?

A

menses (menstruation)

33
Q

what is the ovarian cycle?

A

28 day cycle controlled by FSH and LH
- produces secondary oocyte and estrogen/progesterone

34
Q

phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular phase - day 1-13
ovulation phase - day 14
luteal phase - day 15-28

35
Q

what happens in the follicular phase (day 1-13)?

A

primordial follicles are activated —>
becoming primary follicles (cuboidal epithelium => secretes sex hormones) —>
becomes secondary follicles that release rising amounts of estrogen - helps endometrium redevelop

follicle develops into large fluid filled Graffian Follicle (cuboidal cells surrounding oocyte are called Corona Radiata

36
Q

what happens in the ovulation phase (day 14)?

A

sudden increase in LH causes ovulation —> expelling the oocyte into the peritoneum (may cause Mittelschmerz pain)

37
Q

what happens in the luteal phase (day 15-28)?

A
  • after ovulation, left over granulosa cells form the Corpus Luteum (Yellow Body)
  • when Corpus Luteum forms —> produce progesterone to maintain the endometrium
38
Q

what happens in the luteal phase if implantation occurs?

A

it will continue 90 days until the placenta takes over production

39
Q

what happens in the luteal phase if implantation does not occur?

A

the Corpus Luteum will degenerate in 10 days —> leads to menses

there will be a small scar called Corpus Albicans (White Body)

40
Q

phases in the uterine cycle?

A

1) menstrual phase
2) proliferative phase
3) secretory phase

controlled by production of estrogens and progesterones

41
Q

what happens in the menstrual phase (days 1-5)?

A

menses -> menstruation

endometrium sheds *** this occurs when progesterone levels drop to their lowest levels

42
Q

what happens in proliferative phase (day 6-14)?

A
  • endometrium redevelops due to rising levels of estrogen
  • mucus is thin and watery to allow passage of sperm into the uterus
  • day 14 - ovulation occurs due to LH
43
Q

what happens in the secretory phase (day 15-28)?

A
  • endometrium prepares for implantation of egg
  • levels of progesterone rise => functional layer becomes mucosal layer, acts as a mucus plug in Os of cervix
44
Q

what system causes erection/arousal?

A

parasympathetic system

45
Q

orgasm is caused by:

A

sympathetic system

46
Q

ejaculation occurs by:

A

bulbospongiosus muscle contractions

47
Q

fertilization occurs where in the fallopian tube?

A

ampulla

48
Q

a blastocyst:

A

is implanted into the endometrium in about 7 days
- after implantation, production of HCG occurs

49
Q

HCG:

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
- indicates pregnancy
- maintains Corpus Luteum

50
Q

what happens in the embryonic stage?

A
  • placenta attaches to the endometrium
  • amniotic sac
    -embryo develops in the first 8 weeks of gestation
51
Q

what does the placenta provide?

A
  • location of nutrient diffusion, waste removal and oxygenation of the fetal blood
  • produces HCG and then progesterone (which maintains the pregnancy)

adv. anatomy + physiology (24 decks)

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