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adv. anatomy + physiology > m3 + 4 lect. - peripheral nervous system > Flashcards

m3 + 4 lect. - peripheral nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two sub-systems that make up the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

what does the central nervous system do?

A

-receives and processes info
-learn and form memories
-apply in decisions/initiates actions

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3
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system do?

A

transmits signals between the CNS and the body

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4
Q

what are two types of neurons in the peripheral nervous system?

A

motor neurons
sensory neurons

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5
Q

what are the two sub-systems of motor neurons?

A

somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

what are the two sub-divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic (“fight or flight”)
parasympathetic (“rest and digest”)

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7
Q

what are the receptors of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

adrenergic receptors

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8
Q

what are the receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

cholinergic receptors

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9
Q

what are the adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha and beta

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10
Q

what are the cholinergic receptors?

A

muscarinic and nicotinic

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11
Q

what do sensory (afferent) neurons do?

A

go to the brain or spinal cord
collect info
- hearing, touch, pain, smell, vision, taste, temperature

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12
Q

what do the motor (efferent) neurons do?

A
  • go away from the brain or spinal cord
  • send info out to muscle to perform action or reflex
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13
Q

what happens in the somatic nervous system?

A

voluntary skeletal muscle actions via NMJ
- acetylcholine stimulates action potential

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14
Q

what happens in the autonomic nervous system?

A

involuntary actions
- cardiac muscle
- smooth muscle
- glands

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15
Q

how many cranial and spinal nerves are there in the PNS?

A

12 cranial nerve pairs
31 spinal nerve pairs

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16
Q

what are nerves made of?

A

nerve fibers (axons)
-sensory, motor, mixed

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17
Q

what stimulates action potential in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

epinephrine (hormone)
nor-epinephrine (neurotransmitter)

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18
Q

what is the covering of a whole nerve called?

A

epineurium

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19
Q

what is the covering of a bundle of nerve fibers called?

A

perinerium

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20
Q

what is a bundle of nerve fibers called?

A

fascicle
- sensory or motor

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21
Q

what covers individual myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers?

A

endoneurium

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22
Q

what does myelination do?

A

protect
speed up conduction

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23
Q

what is a ganglion?

A

a distended area containing cell bodies/synpases
- “gray mater”

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24
Q

what does generator potentials mean?

A

direct stimulation of a receptor

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25
Q

what does summative potentials mean?

A

total potentials
- at a synapse w/ neurotransmitters

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26
Q

what do excitatory postsynaptic potentials do?

A
  • neurotransmitters, (acetylcholine, norepinephrine) — dopamine
  • these stimulants slowly elevate the RMP to threshold— becoming less negative (+30mV)
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27
Q

what do inhibitory postsynaptic potentials do?

A
  • neurotransmitters, (acetylcholine, norepinephrine) —- GABA
  • these stimulants will decrease the RMP — makes cell more negative — hyperpolarization (-70mV —> -90mV)
28
Q

types of sensory nerve endings?

A

nociceptors (most common, none in brain)
- pain receptor
thermoreceptors
- temperature
mechanoreceptors
- touch, vibration, itch, stretch and pressure
photoreceptors
-light waves
chemoreceptors
- chemical changes, taste, smell

29
Q

types of dendritic nerve endings?

A
  • free nerve endings (most common, pain/temp.)
  • meissner’s corpuscle (hairless skin, fine touch - lips, most sensitive)
  • golgi tendon organ
  • muscle spindle
30
Q

what do different locations of sensory nerves allow them to do?

A

different locations allow the body to monitor external and internal stimuli

31
Q

what are interoceptors?

A

monitors the internal environment of the body
ex.) chemicals, position, BP, pH, temp.

32
Q

what are exteroceptors?

A

monitors the external environment of the body
ex.) touch, taste, smell, sound, sight

33
Q

what are proprioceptors?

A

monitor muscles, ligaments, joints
- sends info to the cerebellum

34
Q

what are the three levels of the organizational pathways?

A
  • receptor level
  • circuit level
  • perceptual level
35
Q

what happens at the receptor level?

A
  • a stimulus is received at the right area and is collected by the dendritic receptors
36
Q

what happens at the circuit level?

A

located in spinal cord
- pathway travels up spinal cord, leads to thalamus —- here the info is projected onto the cortex

37
Q

what happens at the perceptual level?

A

CNS (mostly brain - cerebrum)
- the ability of the cortex to interpret and identify the stimulus
(six steps)

38
Q

what is serial processing?

A

where information does not reach the cortex
- autonomic pathways with involuntary responses — reflexes
—- reasoning: protection and homeostasisw

39
Q

what is parallel processing?

A
  • conscious activity - info reaches cortex through the thalamus
  • multiple connections between cortical areas
  • all learning follows this pathway
  • glutamate releases to form memories or pathways in brain
  • acetylcholine helps us recall the info - completes loop
40
Q

what does acetylcholine do?

A

excitatory PSNS, somatic nervous system
- helps with recalling memories
(not enough = Alzheimer’s, dementia)

41
Q

what does norepinephrine do?

A

excitatory SNS
- brainstem is main source

42
Q

what does dopamine do?

A

excitatory- brain stem (not enough = Parkinson’s)
- voluntary actions
- mood
- helps suppress pain pathways
most addictions —brain stops producing it

43
Q

what does serotonin do?

A

excitatory - hypothalamus
“happy chemical”
- controls mood
- if low, = depression

44
Q

what does glutamate do?

A

memory formation

45
Q

what do endorphins do?

A

brain stem
- suppress pain pathways
- heightens with physical activity
ex) runner’s high

46
Q

what does substance p do?

A
  • increases when person is injured
  • stimulates pain pathways —> chronic pain
    ex) spinal cord
47
Q

what are the two methods of post-synaptic removal?

A

1) enzymatic destruction
2) active transport back into the presynaptic cell membrane

  • removal is necessary to propagate another AP — re-uptake inhibitor
48
Q

what is pain?

A
  • indicates tissue damage or discomfort
  • stimulated by release of bradykinin (pain) at the tissues w/ histamine (inflammatory chemical)
49
Q

what are the two classifications for pain?

A
  • somatic (body) - very precise in location, not with internal organs
    ex) on the surface
  • visceral - diffused and referred to other body part, internal organs
    ex) heart referral patterns - chest tightness, left arm/jaw pain, dizziness, sweaty, SOB, nausea
50
Q

what might affect people’s tolerance to pain?

A
  • prior experience
  • genetics (conditions - no pain receptors)
51
Q

pain: type A fibers

A
  • high priority, heavy myelinated
  • sharp acute pain, desensitizes quickly
52
Q

pain: type C fibers

A
  • lower priority, unmyelinated
  • dull achy pain, doesn’t desensitize until healed
53
Q

what is chronic pain?

A
  • initiated by recurrent injury
  • results in build up of substance p and prostaglandins in the spinal cord (circuit level) —> lowering threshold of the nerves making them hypersensitive
  • when hypersensitivity starts – it becomes easier to stimulate the the synapses within the spinal cord
54
Q

what is a plexus? and what are the types?

A

spinal nerves that come together to form a large collection of nerves
1) cervical
2) brachial
3) lumbar
4) sacral

55
Q

aspects of the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C5
serves the skin and muscles of the neck and posterior head

major nerves
- phrenic nerve C2/C3 —> diaphragm (inhalation)
- ansa cervicalis —> flexors of the anterior neck

56
Q

aspects of the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1 - serves the arm
- axillary nerve —> shoulder joint and deltoid (abductor)
- radial nerve —> arm and forearm extensors (triceps)
- median nerve —> lateral forearm and first three digits (can be carpal tunnel syndrome)
- ulnar nerve —> medial forearm and digits four-five (known as funny bone nerve)

57
Q

aspects of the lumbar plexus?

A

L1 - L5 - anterior and medial thigh
- femoral nerve —> anterior hip and thigh including knee (satorius, TFF, quads)
- obturator nerve —> thigh adductors (gracilius)

58
Q

aspects of sacral plexus?

A

L5 - S4 - posterior thigh and lower leg
- sciatic nerve (largest, longest L4/L5 - big toe) posterior thigh and hamstrings
- tibial nerve —> post lower leg and plantar flexors
- common fibular nerve —> anterior lower leg and dorsiflexors

59
Q

what is a reflex? what types of reflexes are there? what is the reason for reflexes?

A
  • a set pathway from a sensory nerve to the spinal cord and back to the motor nerve (muscles, glands)
    reflex arc:
  • receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
    somatic reflexes types:
  • simple (stretch) reflex
  • flexor (withdrawal) reflex
  • crossed extensor reflex
  • superficial reflex

for: protection, homeostasis

60
Q

how is the thoracic region innervated?

A
  • intercostal nerves T1 - T12
  • follow costal groove, innervate the muscles and tissue
  • sensory and motor
61
Q

what happens in the simple (stretch) reflex?

A

tested by reflex hammer
- allows antagonist muscles to contract without working against eachother
levels: C5, C6, C7, L4, S1
- maintains posture

62
Q

what happens in the withdrawal reflex?

A
  • reflex functioning with the upper limb, head and foot
  • protective function
63
Q

what happens in the crossed extensor reflex?

A

-maintains balance during an unexpected stimulus while ambulating
LA - RL RA - LL
ex) stepping on a sharp object, missing a step, grabbing a person’s arm

64
Q

what happens in the superficial reflex?

A

stimulated through the skin

65
Q

what is the babinski’s reflex?

A

test: stroke the sole of foot
- toes flare and extend = positive sign (indicates a CNS lesion if older than 2 y.o.)

adv. anatomy + physiology (24 decks)

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