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Block 2 > M1: Introduction to Epidemiology > Flashcards

M1: Introduction to Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Rank of the Philippines in the Nikkei Covid 19 and Bloomber Covid 19 index

A

2nd to the last

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2
Q

This index measures the countries’ COVID infection management, vaccine rollout, and social mobility after each Month

A

Nikkei Asia

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3
Q

Nikkei Asia scoring

A

0-90

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4
Q

Philippines specific rank in Nikkei Covid 19 recovery index

A

120 with a score of 26

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5
Q

An investigator who studies the occurrences of disease in a population

A

Epidemiologist

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6
Q

Epidemiology comes from these 3 Greek words

A
  1. Epi - upon
  2. Demos - people
  3. Logos - study
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7
Q

Study of distribution and determinants of health related states in specified populations

A

Epidemiology

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8
Q

A highly quantitative discipline based on principles of statistics and research methodologies

A

Study

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9
Q

5 How is study conducted

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Analysis
  4. Experiment
  5. Surveillance
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10
Q

Refers to the (frequencies and patterns) of health events within groups in a population

A

Distribution

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11
Q

Part of epidemiology that characterizes health events in terms of person, place and time

A

Descriptive epidemiology

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12
Q

(Search for the cause) with the increase risk of disease

A

determinants

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13
Q

Part of epidemiology that answers the “how” and “why”

A

Analytical epidemiology

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14
Q

Composes of the WHOLE SPECTRUM of health related events.

A

Health related states

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15
Q

Deals with groups of people rather than the individual

A

Population epidemiology

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16
Q

Steers public health decision making and aids in developing and evaluating interventions to control and prevent health problems

A

Control

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17
Q

Community efforts aimed to prevent disease and promote health

A

Public Health

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18
Q

Since epidemiology draws on many fields of study it is considered…

A

interdisciplinary

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19
Q

_____ is the basic science of public health

A

Epidemiology

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20
Q

Founder of Biostatistics and demography

A

John Graunt

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21
Q

First to conduct (descriptive) epidemiologic study

A

John Graunt

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22
Q

When did Graunt conduct descriptive epidemiologic study

A

1662

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23
Q

Book written by Graunt

A

The Nature and political observations made upon the Bills of Mortality

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24
Q

4 Observations in Graunt’s book

A

(BDSM)

  1. Born boys are more many than girls
  2. Death rate increase in autumn
  3. Some disease keep a proportion while some dont
  4. 1 Man to 2 Women who attend a physician
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25
Q

First to conduct a study for scurvy and the first experimental trials

A

James Lind

26
Q

When did James Lind First conduct a study for scurvy and the first experimental trials

27
Q

Founder of the modern disease surveillance

A

William Farr

28
Q

Book of William Farr

A

Annual Reports of the Register General

29
Q

He reported on mortality rates in mines, prisons and even single or married couples

A

William Farr

30
Q

What theory did William Farr adhere to?

A

Miasmatic Theory

31
Q

What is Miasmatic theory?

A

Theory that disease was transmitted by a miasma/cloud that hang low on the earth surface

32
Q

when did the cholera epidemic in London happen?

33
Q

Who studied the Cholera epidemic in London and discovered the source

34
Q

How was cholera transmitted according to john Snow

A

Contaminated water

35
Q

He conducted on of the first studies in analytic epidemiology

36
Q

The award form the American Public Health Association and Royal Society for Public Health for scientist in epidemiologic practice

A

John Snow Award

37
Q

6 BASIC PREMISE in epidemiologic approach

A
  1. Focus on how disease occur in groups of people
  2. Compare 2 or more groups to determine a difference in risk
  3. Believes that diseases is not random but can be predicted
  4. Seeks out environmental and personal factors which affect the risk of getting the disease
  5. Carries out primarily observational studies
  6. Gives a rational approach to primary prevention
38
Q

5 (Objectives) of Epidemiology

A

(ISDDA)

  1. Identify the cause
  2. Study its natural history
  3. Determine its reach
  4. Develop public policy
  5. Assess both new and old preventive measures against the disease
39
Q

2 How is the (burden of disease) quantified?

A

QALYs (Quality adjusted life years)

DALYs (Disability adjusted life years)

40
Q

4 application of epidemiology

A 
(DAII)
1. Determine if treatment is effective
2. Assess the risk
3. Identify the cause
4. Identify health service use
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Basically to find what caused it, how dangerous it is, is the treatment good and what kind of health service is behind it?
41
Q

Disease that thrive when a consumption of fish contaminated with methyl mercury

A

Minamata Disease

42
Q

Who is the father of Epidemiology

A

Hippocrates

43
Q

studied the relationship between tobacco use and lung cancer, beginning in the 1950s

A

Richard Doll and Andrew Hill

44
Q

A focus of an epidemiological study is the _____

A

Population defined in geographical terms

45
Q

A common population used in epidemiology is ____

A

Specific area at a specific time

46
Q

includes: surveillance, observation, hypothesis testing, analytic research and experiments.

47
Q

refers to analysis of: times, persons, places and classes of people affected.

A

Distribution

48
Q

include factors that influence health: biological, chemical, physical, social,
cultural, economic, genetic and behavioral.

A

Determinants

49
Q

refer to: diseases, causes of death, behaviors such as use of tobacco, positive (health states), reactions to preventive regimes and provision and use of health services.

A

Health-related states and events

50
Q

include those with (identifiable characteristics), such as occupational groups

A

Specified populations

51
Q

the aims of public health—to promote, protect, and restore health.

A

Application of prevention and control

52
Q

refers to collective actions to improve population

health

A

Public health

53
Q

Other word for the term “causes”

54
Q

6 How is environment defined in epidemiology?

A

(B, double C, double P, and an E)

  1. Biological
  2. Chemical
  3. Physical
  4. Psychological
  5. Economic
  6. Cultural
55
Q

he convinced epidemiologists to evaluate the effectiveness and (efficiency of health services)

A

Archie Cochrane

56
Q

4 How did Cochrane plan to evaluate the effectiveness of health service?

A

(LTS-R)

  1. Length of hospital stay
  2. Treating high BP
  3. Sanitation efficiency
  4. Reducing lead additives
57
Q

deals with the etiology, distribution, and control of disease in groups of relatives, and with (inherited causes) of disease in populations

A

Genetic epidemiology

58
Q

is a branch of epidemiology and medical science that focuses on the contribution of potential genetic and environmental risk factors, identified at the molecular level,

A

Molecular epidemiology

59
Q

2 How does molecular epidemiology measure response

A
  1. Assessing characteristics

2. Using biochemical markers

60
Q

3 Aims of genetic epidemiology

A
  1. Find the genetic disorder
  2. Find the relative size of that genetic effect
  3. Find the responsible gene(s)
61
Q

3 Public health genetics include

A

(PSI)

  1. Population screening
  2. Service for patients with genetic disorders
  3. Impact of genetics on medical practice

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