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Block 2 > M1: Epidemiological Surveillance > Flashcards

M1: Epidemiological Surveillance Flashcards

1
Q

The amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community.

A

Baseline/Endemic Level of Disease

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2
Q

4 examples of Rare disease that a single case warrants epidemiologic investigation

A

(RaP ChoP)

  1. rabies
  2. plague
  3. cholera
  4. polio
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3
Q

3 diseases occur more commonly so that only

deviations from the norm warrant investigation

A
  1. flu
  2. stroke
  3. dengue
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4
Q

refers to a disease that occurs frequently

and irregularly

A

Sporadic

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5
Q

refers to the (constant presence and/or usual prevalence) of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area

A

Endemic

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6
Q

3 examples of (endemic diseases)

A

(MaZE)

  1. Malaria
  2. Elephantiasis
  3. Zika Virus
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7
Q

refers to the persistent, (high levels) of disease occurrence

A

Hyper-endemic

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8
Q

increase in the case of what is expected

A

Epidemic

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9
Q

It is like an epidemic, but limited in geographic area

A

Outbreak

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10
Q

aggregation of cases grouped in place and time

A

Cluster

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11
Q

spread over countries or continents

A

Pandemic

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12
Q

Epidemics occur when an ___ and ______

are present in adequate numbers

A

Agent, Susceptible host

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13
Q

5 Epidemic may result from

A

( I FACE)

  1. Increase in viral agents
  2. Factors that increase exposure
  3. Agent in a foreign setting
  4. Change in susceptibility
  5. Enhanced transmission
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14
Q

13 Steps in epidemiologic investigation of an outbreak

A
  1. Prepare for fieldwork
  2. Establish the existence of an outbreak
  3. Verify the diagnosis
  4. Construct a working case
  5. Find cases systematically
  6. Perform descriptive epidemiology
  7. Develop hypotheses
  8. Evaluate hypotheses
  9. Re-evaluate hypotheses
  10. Compare studies
  11. Implement control and prevention measures
  12. initiate or maintain surveillance
  13. Communicate findings
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15
Q

When you become a field investigator, you should have knowledge of:

A

o scientific issues
o investigative issues
o managerial issues
o management issues

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16
Q

Types of existing data to look for during an outbreak

A 
o surveillance systems
o hospital records
o registries
o statistics
o survey
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17
Q

to ensure that the disease has been (properly identified), since control measures are often disease-specific

A

VERIFICATION OF DIAGNOSIS

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18
Q

a standard set of (criteria for deciding) whether an

individual should be classified as having the health condition of interest

A

WORKING SPACE DEFINITION

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19
Q

2 Types of surveillance

A
  1. Passive surveillance

2. Active Surveillance

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20
Q

3 STEPS IN DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY

A
  1. Identifying
  2. Gathering
  3. Describe systematically characteristics of people
    affected by disease
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21
Q

3 Epidemic patternS

A

(Pro CoMix)
● common
● propagated
● mixed

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22
Q

4 EPIDEMIC CURVES

A

(BIn ClaP)

  1. Classical
  2. Inverted
  3. Point
  4. Bell-shaped
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23
Q 
Characteristic of a Classical curve
● Onset
● Exposure
● Transmission
● Incubation
● Type of cause
● Exhaustion
A 
● Sudden
● Mass
● Common vehicle
● Short
● Primary
● Slow
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24
Q 
Characteristic of Inverted Epidemic curve
● Onset
● Exposure
● Transmission
● Incubation
● Type of cause
● Exhaustion
A 
● Staggering
● Progressive
● Propagated
● Long
● Secondary (expose to primary)
● Rapid
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25
Q 
Characteristics of Point Epidemic Curve
● Onset
● Exposure
● Transmission
● Incubation
● Type of cause
● Exhaustion
A 
● sudden
● massive
● common vehicle
● short
● primary
● Very Rapid
26
Q 
Characteristics of Bell-shaped Epidemic Curve
● Onset
● Exposure
● Transmission
● Incubation
● Type of cause
● Exhaustion
A 
● Sudden
● Mass
● Common vehicle
● Short
● Primary & secondary 
● Short
27
Q

The epidemic curve of an _____ outbreak often has a pattern reflecting the ____ of the exposure.

A

intermittent common-source, intermittent nature

28
Q

Case-patients may have been exposed over a period of (days, weeks, or longer)

A

COMMON SOURCE OUTBREAKS

29
Q

In a ______ the range of
exposures and range of incubation periods tend to
flatten and widen the peaks of the epidemic

A

continuous common-source outbreak

30
Q

results from transmission from one person to another. Usually, transmission is by direct person-to-person contact, as with syphilis.

A

propagated outbreak

31
Q

3 How propagated outbreak spread

A

(Double Vs)

  1. Direct person to person (Syphilis)
  2. Vehicle born (Hep. B or HIV)
  3. Vector-borne (Yellow fever by mosquitoes)
32
Q

In propagated outbreaks, cases occur over _____ incubation period

A

More than one

33
Q

includes both common-source and propagated outbreak characteristics. For example, people infected through a common-source outbreak might later transmit the disease through direct contact with others.

A

Mixed epidemic

34
Q

may result from sufficient prevalence of infection in host species, sufficient presence of (vectors), and sufficient (human-vector interaction)

A

Zoonotic or vector-borne outbreaks

35
Q

provides information on the (geographic extent of a

problem). Also demonstrate (clusters or patterns) that provide important etiologic clues

A

Spot Map of a place

36
Q

Ongoing systematic collection and analysis of data which is needed to be disseminated and put into action

A

SURVEILLANCE

37
Q

6 OBJECTIVES OF SURVEILLANCE

A 
(DE UAAP)
1. Estimate magnitude
2. Understand natural history of disease
3. Detect outbreaks
4. Assess quality of health care system
5. Assess safety of drugs
6. Plan and research
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Basically to detect outbreak and plan. They also have to assess drugs and health care
38
Q

4 INGREDIENTS FOR SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

A 
(MoLE B)
● Motivated people
● Efficient Communication 
● Basic Knowledge
● Laboratory Support
39
Q

9 DISEASE SURVEILLANCE TASK

A 
(DIEHARD O.A)
● Establish objectives and date
● Data collection
● Organize data
● Analysis and interpretation
● Hypothesis
● Recommend
● Implement
● Disseminate
● Assessment
40
Q

Minimum data collection in surveillance

A

(DONA)

  1. Diagnosis
  2. Age, sex. Address
  3. Onset of symptoms
  4. Name
41
Q

3 What to calculate when you have the data

A
  1. Rates
  2. Ratios
  3. Proportions
42
Q

3 What to prepare when you have the data

A
  1. Tables
  2. Graphs
  3. Charts
43
Q

3 General Principles when analyzing data

A
  1. Identify high risk groups
  2. Compare and contrast levels of transmission
  3. Identify factors that relate to disease transmission
44
Q

Tips when COMPARING data

A

Present vs past

National Vs International

45
Q

Tips when UTILIZING Data

A

previous data and other studies

46
Q

Tips when MENTIONING data

A

programs, demography, environmental and etiologic agents

47
Q

3 TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE

A

● Passive surveillance
● Active surveillance
● Sample surveys

48
Q

Required by law, Overall prevalence, There may be under reporting or under detection for poor countries and The population may be unknow.

A

PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE

49
Q

Little attention is given to individual health workers

who report the information

A

PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE

50
Q

The data requested of each health worker is _____.
Nonetheless, passive surveillance is often _____
because there are few incentives for health workers to report

A

Passive, incomplete

51
Q

Enhanced surveillance system, Systematic data collection, Source of data is already existing, More time and resource

A

Sentinel Surveillance

52
Q

Selects, either randomly or intentionally, a small group

of health workers from whom to gather data

A

Sentinel Surveillance

53
Q

Detailed data on cases of illness because the health
care workers have agreed to participate and may
receive incentives

A

Sentinel Surveillance

54
Q

2 IMPORTANCE OF SURVEILLANCE

A
  1. determine whether measures are working

2. to know whether the outbreak has spread outside its original area

55
Q

2 ways on How to communicate findings after surveillance

A
  1. Oral briefing

2. Written report

56
Q

Testing of health individuals especially those who are

high risk for early detection of disease

A

SCREENING

57
Q

4 PRINCIPLES OF SCREENING

A
  1. The Choice of disease to be screened
  2. The nature of the screening test
  3. The availability of a treatment
  4. The costs of the screening.
58
Q

Guidelines for disease screening

A

(SIRA)

  1. Age
  2. Specific lab test & Diagnostic
  3. Risk Factors
  4. Intervals
59
Q

When is it too early to screen

A
  1. Progression of disease

2. External Influence

60
Q

When is it a good time to screen

A
  1. Pathological changes
  2. Symptoms
  3. When patient contacts doctor
61
Q

When is it too late to screen

A
  1. During diagnosis

2. When cured or dead

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