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Block 2 > M1: Experimental Epidemiology > Flashcards

M1: Experimental Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Intervention or experimentation involves attempting to change a variable in one or more groups of people. This could mean the elimination of a dietary factor thought to cause allergy, or testing a new treatment on a selected group of patients

A

Experimental epidemiology

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2
Q

The effects of an intervention are measured by comparing the _______ with that in a _______

A

outcome in the experimental group, control group

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3
Q

What is ALWAYS required for study participants to sign before taking part in any experiment

A

Informed Consent

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4
Q

3 designs of an interventional study

A

(RaFiC)

  1. Randomized controlled trial
  2. Field trial
  3. Community Trial
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5
Q

is an epidemiological experiment designed to study the effects of a particular intervention, usually a treatment for a specific disease

A

randomized controlled trial

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6
Q

Subjects in the study population are (randomly allocated) to intervention and control groups, and the results are assessed by comparing outcomes

A

randomized controlled trial

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7
Q

is an epidemiological experiment involving people who are healthy but presumed to be at risk; data collection takes place “in the field,” usually among non-institutionalized people in the general population

A

Field Trials

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8
Q

Purpose of Field trials

A

Prevent diseases that may occur with relatively low frequency

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9
Q

epidemiological experiments that are often logistically complicated and expensive endeavors

A

Field Trials

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10
Q

One of the largest field trials was that testing of what?

A

Salk Vaccine for poliomyelitis

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11
Q

Epidemiological experiment that can be used to evaluate interventions aimed at reducing exposure
without necessarily measuring the occurrence of health effects.

A

Field Trials

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12
Q

In this form of experiment, the treatment groups are communities rather than individuals.

A

Community trials

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13
Q

This is particularly appropriate for diseases that are influenced by (social conditions), and for which prevention efforts target group behavior.

A

Community Trials

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14
Q

is a good example of a

condition appropriate for community trials

A

Cardiovascular

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15
Q

4 Limitation of community trials

A

(LISR)
1. Limiting in design
2. Impossible to isolate during intervention
3. Small scope
4. Random allocation not practical
_______________________________
Basically it is too small hence the design is limited and it cannot be randomized nor isolated.

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16
Q

is new to the pyramid of evidence strength

A

Systematic Review/Meta-Analysis

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17
Q

THREE MAIN TYPES OF OBSERVATIONAL

STUDIES

A

(3Cs)
Cross-sectional study
Cohort study
Case-control study

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18
Q

THREE BASIC CHARACTERISTICS of Experimental studies

A

(CoMRand)

  1. Manipulation
  2. Control
  3. Randomizations
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19
Q

Diets administered by James Lind in his treatment for scurvy

A

(COVENS)

  1. Cyder (quart/day)
  2. Elixir vitriol (25 for 3x/day)
  3. Vinegar (2 spoons for 3x/day)
  4. Sea water (Half pint/day)
  5. 2 oranges and 1 lemon (everyday)
  6. Nutmeg (3x/day)
20
Q

Most common experimental study

A

randomized clinical trial

21
Q

Trial where they test the efficacy of a treatment

A

Clinical trials

22
Q

assess effectiveness of (prevention) program in a (community)

A

COMMUNITY INTERVENTION TRIALS

23
Q

5 Types of treatments that can be tested in (clinical trials)

A

(DPRk HeL)

  1. Drugs
  2. Procedures
  3. Risk factor modifications
  4. Health Education
  5. Lifestyle modification
24
Q

A method used to prevent bias in research; a computer
or a table of random numbers generates treatment assignments, and participants have an equal chance to be assigned to one of two or more groups

A

Randomization

25
Q

WHY IS RANDOMIZATION IMPORTANT?

A

So all groups are as alike as possible

26
Q

5 PROBABILITY SAMPLING DESIGNS

A

(MRS. CluS)

  1. Random
  2. Systematic
  3. Stratified
  4. Cluster
  5. Multi Stage
27
Q

Most basic type of sampling design. Every element in the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample

A

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

28
Q

3 Types of Blinding (Masking)

A

(OSD)

  1. Open Label
  2. Single Blind
  3. Double Blind
29
Q

Blinding where patient and physician know treatment assignment

A

Open label

30
Q

Blinding where patient does not know, but physician does

A

Single blind

31
Q

Blinding where neither the patient nor the physician knows the
treatment assignment (statistician or computer
programmer knows the treatment assignment)

A

Double blind

32
Q

The simplest of all design based on randomization and replication

A

Completely randomized design

33
Q

one in which the number of experimental units per block is equal to the number of treatments and every treatment occurs once and only once in each block, the order of treatments within a block being randomized

A

Randomized Complete Block Design

34
Q

An experiment whose design consist of (two or more factor) each with different possible values or ” levels

A

Factorial design

35
Q

At least one characteristic of a true experiment is

missing, either randomization or the use of separate control group

A

Quasi experiment

36
Q

Example of Quasi experiment

A

Handwashing Technique Instruction and Helminthiasis

37
Q

Directionality of a Cohort Study

A

Always forward

38
Q

Timing of a cohort study

A

Prospective or Retrospective

39
Q

Directionality of Case Control Study

A

Always backwards

40
Q

Timing of Case control study

A

Always retrospective

41
Q

Directionality of Cross sectional study

A

Always non-directional

42
Q

Timing of Cross sectional study

A

Always Retrospective

43
Q

5 TYPES OF STUDY DESIGN

A 
● Randomized Clinical Trial
● Cross-Sectional Study
● Prospective Cohort Study
● Retrospective Cohort Study
● Case-Control Study
44
Q

an approach that follows research participants over a period of time (often many years)

A

Cohort study

45
Q

A study that compares two groups of people: those with the disease or condition (under study) and a very similar group of people (who do not have the disease) or condition

A

Case Control study

46
Q

involves looking at data from a population at one specific point in time. The participants in this type of study are selected based on particular variables of interest.

A

Cross sectional study

Block 2 (12 decks)

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