(M) Introduction to Epidemiology Flashcards
Etymology
Epi
Upon
T or F
Epidemiology is study of what befalls to a sample?
F
Befalls to a POPULATION
Etymology
Ology
“study”
Etymology
“people”
Demi
Epidemiology is the study
what does this phrase mean
scientific, systematic, data-driven
.. of the distribution
what does this phrase mean
Frequency and Pattern
… and determinants
what does this phrase mean
Causes, RIsk, and Factors
..of health-related states and events
what does this phrase mean
not just diseases
..in specified populations
what does this phrase mean
patient is community, individuals viewed collectively
… and the application of this study to the control of health problems
what does this phrase mean
since epidemiology is a discipline within public health
whom definition of epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
Last JM, editor. Dictionary of epidemiology. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001. p. 61.
whom definition of epidemiology
“a science concerned with the various factors and conditions which influence the occurrence and distribution of health, disease, defect, disability, and death among groups of individuals.”
Hugh R. Leavel and E. Gurney Clark, Preventive Medicine for the Doctor in the Community (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Compony, Inc., 1958 p.41)
The present usage includes studies of all conditions and circumstances important to man’s health
Epidemiology
e.g., accidents, suicides, medical care, diseases, and administrative problems, etc.
what are the uses of Epidemiology
- Assessing the community’s health
- Making individual decisions
- Completing the clinical picture
- Searching for causes
- To study immediate and special problems in the field of health.
- To evaluate the effectiveness of therapy, preventive measures, and programs.
Public health officials responsible for policy development, implementation, and evaluation use epidemiologic information as a factual framework for decision making.
Assessing the community’s health
Assessing the community’s health - T or F
To assess the health of a population or community, non relevant sources of data must be identified and analyzed by person, place, and time (descriptive epidemiology).
F
Relevant resources only
use this card to familiarize what questions is asked for Assessing the community’s health when usong decriptive epidemiology
- What are the actual and potential health problems in the community?
- Where are they occurring?
- Which populations are at increased risk?
- Which problems have declined over time?
- Which ones are increasing or have the potential to increase?
- How do these patterns relate to the level and distribution of public health services available?
Assessing the community’s health - T or F
More detailed data may need to be collected and analyzed to determine whether health services are available, accessible, effective, and efficient
T
E.g. public health officials used epidemiologic data and methods to identify baselines, to set health goals for the nation in a certain year and to monitor progress toward these goals
in 1950s what did epidemiologists reported?
increased risk of lung cancer among smokers.
in 1970s what did epidemiologists documented?
the role of exercise and proper diet in reducing the risk of heart disease.
in mid 1980s what did epidemiologists identified?
the increased risk of HIV infection associated with certain sexual and drug- related behaviors
Using epidemiologic information to make daily decisions affecting health.
Making individual decisions
Making individual decisions - T or F
they may be influenced, consciously or unconsciously, by epidemiologists’ assessment of risk
T
When investigating a disease outbreak, epidemiologists rely on health-care providers and laboratorians to establish the proper diagnosis of individual patients.
Completing the clinical picture
To construct or complete the natural history of a disease
Completing the clinical picture - T or F
Epidemiologist does not contribute to physicians understand of the clinical picture and natural history of disease.
F
they do contribure
E.g. In late 1989, a physician saw three patients with unexplained eosinophilia and myalgias .
Much epidemiologic research is devoted to searching for causal factors that influence one’s risk of disease
Searching for causes
ideally, the goal is to identify a cause so that appropriate public health action might be taken.
Searching for causes
Searching for causes - T or F
One can argue that epidemiology can never prove a causal relationship between an exposure and a disease, since much of epidemiology is based on ecologic reasoning. Nevertheless, epidemiology often provides enough information to support effective action.
T
please go over the example for this sankyu
study of new diseases, endemic disease problems, epidemics, special events
To study immediate and special problems in the field of health
situations (situational analysis in health planning) conditions or occurrences, and implementation problems (operational research)
To study immediate and special problems in the field of health
provides the necessary data upon which a program may be based; to guide the program, assessing its progress and pinpointing failures, etc.
To study immediate and special problems in the field of health
→ clinical trials
→ evaluation research
To evaluate the effectiveness of therapy, preventive measures and programs
Epidemiology as a Method of Gaining Knowledge - T or F
The sampling method has various dimensions, depending on its objectives, approaches and tools used.
epidemiologic
Epidemiology as a Method of Gaining Knowledge
Based on its objectives, epidemiologic studies may be classified as?
- Surveillance
- Epidemiological Investigagtion
- Research
Epidemiology as a Method of Gaining Knowledge
it is any method or methods used to arrive at an epidemiologic synthesis of information.
Epidemiologic method
T or F
Epidemiologic methods are used in all fields of todoroki
F, endeavor
Epidemiologic method are synonymous with?
cientific investigative method
T or F
Broadly, these principles are the clear statement of the problem in their entirety, the formulation of suitable solutions or answers, and the evaluation of such solutions.
T
solution to answers, KORIK
T or F
The lack or very inadequate epidemiological basis of plans/programs consequent to a defective planning methodolog
T
T or F
Epidemiology can not utilize any other discipline of learning order to achieve its aims
bawal umapak ng tao typa thing
F
they can, because of the gravity inside the popcorn
T or F
Epidemiologic method can employ clinical medicine, laboratory techniques, statistics, sociology, anthropology, meteorology, and other various related fields.
T
Epidemiology can utilize any other discipline of learning order to achieve its aims
What are the 2 most basic method for epidemiological method
- Statistics
- Clinical Medicine
focus of observation is a group
Statistics
make diagnosis, assess effects of drugs and other factors on health
Clinical medicine
- Practices in the field of Medicine and Public health
- Medical
- Non-medical
- (necessary training, and previous actual work experience and exposure in the field)
Epidemiologist
according to yt
The study of the distribution of health outcomes or disease within populations
Epidemiology
determine spread of health outcomes and diseases
Factor
determines someone will get certain health outcome or disease
Risk factor
Focuses on Population, rather than Individual level
Epidemiology
T or F
People have long viewed epidemic of disease and plagues as terrifying occurrences
T
wow so scary
what bloomed because of scary plauges and diseases
continued desire to have a more rational and complete way to explain the disease
thus epidemiology
T or F
epidemiology was a result from believing that diseases were simply caused by spirits or God
T
uto uto typa things
what was the BEGINNING of epidemiology
Empirical observation of epidemics and other causes of mortality
genesis 1:1 “in the beginning” char
T or F
epidemiology focus was initially on infectious diseases until the early 20th century, towards the end of 20th century computers increasing IT, new methodological approaches altered the field of Epidemiology
T
haba teh true nayan
become a standard area of clinical science and is the most fundamental basic science of public health
Epidemiology <3 my hearteu uwu
Evolution of Epidemiology
The focus are on Infectious diseases and epidemics
1873 – mid-1800
Evolution of Epidemiology
The focus in on infectious disease overall
1927 – mid-1900
Evolution of Epidemiology
1951 – mid-1950s
The focus is now one condition associated with infectious processes
Evolution of Epidemiology
1962 – 1960s
Focus on the distribution of diseases at a community level
Evolution of Epidemiology
Focus is on how to control or minimize health problems and diseases
1988 – late 1980s
describes changing patters of population – age, mortality, fertility, life expectancy and causes of death
Epidemiologic Transition
How many epidemiologic transition human undergo?
Four (5-1 = 4)
4
apat
Epidemiologic Transition
Emergence Infection and nutritional diseases
Epidemiologic Transition One (1st transition)
Epidemiologic Transition
- Because of the beginning of agricultural practice 10,000 years ago, people became less dependent on hunting
- This lead zoonotic diseases, nutrient deficienceies and increased contact with disease vectors, during agricultural activity
Epidemiologic Transition One (1st transition)
Evolution of Epidemiology
Human immune systems and disease-causing organisms evolved
Epidemiologic Transition Two (2nd Transition)
Evolution of Epidemiology
- Resulting to change from major epidemics to endemic diseases
- Humans developed physical and genetic changes that serve to minimize the effect of diseases
Epidemiologic Transition Two (2nd Transition)
Evolution of Epidemiology
The disease pattern change to chronic and degenerative diseases
Epidemiologic Transition Three (3rd Transition)
Evolution of Epidemiology
- In developed parts of the world due to improvements in nutrition, public health, and clinical medicine
- Cardiovascular diseases and cancer began to occur more during this transition, associated with longer lifespan and sedentary lifestyle
Epidemiologic Transition Three (3rd Transition)
Evolution of Epidemiology
Started at the end of 20th century, when both new diseases and re-emergence of infectious diseases, and rapid spread through globalization of diseases
Epidemiologic Transition Four (4th Transition)
If u see this card
review the four epidemiologic transition and resulting change
Hunter-gathere to cities
Started when agriculture started and began to live in one place
From few epidemic to major epidemics
Immunologic resistance and organism change
population developed immunologic resistance and disease organism change
From major epidemics to endemic diseases
Public health and Sanitation
Started from improve public health and sanitation
From infectious diseases to non-infectious–chronic degenerative diseases
Increased Globalization
Started due to increased globalization
Resurgence and rapid spread of infectious diseases
if u see this card
then you’re not blind :/
si denica ableist
