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Biostatistics & Epidemiology > (M) Introduction to Epidemiology > Flashcards

(M) Introduction to Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Etymology

Epi

A

Upon

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2
Q

T or F

Epidemiology is study of what befalls to a sample?

A

F

Befalls to a POPULATION

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2
Q

Etymology

Ology

A

“study”

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2
Q

Etymology

“people”

A

Demi

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3
Q

Epidemiology is the study

what does this phrase mean

A

scientific, systematic, data-driven

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4
Q

.. of the distribution

what does this phrase mean

A

Frequency and Pattern

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5
Q

… and determinants

what does this phrase mean

A

Causes, RIsk, and Factors

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6
Q

..of health-related states and events

what does this phrase mean

A

not just diseases

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7
Q

..in specified populations

what does this phrase mean

A

patient is community, individuals viewed collectively

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8
Q

… and the application of this study to the control of health problems

what does this phrase mean

A

since epidemiology is a discipline within public health

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9
Q

whom definition of epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.

A

Last JM, editor. Dictionary of epidemiology. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001. p. 61.

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10
Q

whom definition of epidemiology

“a science concerned with the various factors and conditions which influence the occurrence and distribution of health, disease, defect, disability, and death among groups of individuals.”

A

Hugh R. Leavel and E. Gurney Clark, Preventive Medicine for the Doctor in the Community (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Compony, Inc., 1958 p.41)

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11
Q

The present usage includes studies of all conditions and circumstances important to man’s health

A

Epidemiology

e.g., accidents, suicides, medical care, diseases, and administrative problems, etc.

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12
Q

what are the uses of Epidemiology

A
  1. Assessing the community’s health
  2. Making individual decisions
  3. Completing the clinical picture
  4. Searching for causes
  5. To study immediate and special problems in the field of health.
  6. To evaluate the effectiveness of therapy, preventive measures, and programs.
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13
Q

Public health officials responsible for policy development, implementation, and evaluation use epidemiologic information as a factual framework for decision making.

A

Assessing the community’s health

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14
Q

Assessing the community’s health - T or F

To assess the health of a population or community, non relevant sources of data must be identified and analyzed by person, place, and time (descriptive epidemiology).

A

F

Relevant resources only

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15
Q

use this card to familiarize what questions is asked for Assessing the community’s health when usong decriptive epidemiology

A
  • What are the actual and potential health problems in the community?
  • Where are they occurring?
  • Which populations are at increased risk?
  • Which problems have declined over time?
  • Which ones are increasing or have the potential to increase?
  • How do these patterns relate to the level and distribution of public health services available?
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16
Q

Assessing the community’s health - T or F

More detailed data may need to be collected and analyzed to determine whether health services are available, accessible, effective, and efficient

A

T

E.g. public health officials used epidemiologic data and methods to identify baselines, to set health goals for the nation in a certain year and to monitor progress toward these goals

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17
Q

in 1950s what did epidemiologists reported?

A

increased risk of lung cancer among smokers.

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18
Q

in 1970s what did epidemiologists documented?

A

the role of exercise and proper diet in reducing the risk of heart disease.

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19
Q

in mid 1980s what did epidemiologists identified?

A

the increased risk of HIV infection associated with certain sexual and drug- related behaviors

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20
Q

Using epidemiologic information to make daily decisions affecting health.

A

Making individual decisions

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21
Q

Making individual decisions - T or F

they may be influenced, consciously or unconsciously, by epidemiologists’ assessment of risk

A

T

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22
Q

When investigating a disease outbreak, epidemiologists rely on health-care providers and laboratorians to establish the proper diagnosis of individual patients.

A

Completing the clinical picture

To construct or complete the natural history of a disease

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23
Q

Completing the clinical picture - T or F

Epidemiologist does not contribute to physicians understand of the clinical picture and natural history of disease.

A

F

they do contribure

E.g. In late 1989, a physician saw three patients with unexplained eosinophilia and myalgias .

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24
Q

Much epidemiologic research is devoted to searching for causal factors that influence one’s risk of disease

A

Searching for causes

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25
Q

ideally, the goal is to identify a cause so that appropriate public health action might be taken.

A

Searching for causes

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26
Q

Searching for causes - T or F

One can argue that epidemiology can never prove a causal relationship between an exposure and a disease, since much of epidemiology is based on ecologic reasoning. Nevertheless, epidemiology often provides enough information to support effective action.

A

T

please go over the example for this sankyu

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27
Q

study of new diseases, endemic disease problems, epidemics, special events

A

To study immediate and special problems in the field of health

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28
Q

situations (situational analysis in health planning) conditions or occurrences, and implementation problems (operational research)

A

To study immediate and special problems in the field of health

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29
Q

provides the necessary data upon which a program may be based; to guide the program, assessing its progress and pinpointing failures, etc.

A

To study immediate and special problems in the field of health

30
Q

→ clinical trials
→ evaluation research

A

To evaluate the effectiveness of therapy, preventive measures and programs

31
Q

Epidemiology as a Method of Gaining Knowledge - T or F

The sampling method has various dimensions, depending on its objectives, approaches and tools used.

A

epidemiologic

32
Q

Epidemiology as a Method of Gaining Knowledge

Based on its objectives, epidemiologic studies may be classified as?

A
  • Surveillance
  • Epidemiological Investigagtion
  • Research
33
Q

Epidemiology as a Method of Gaining Knowledge

it is any method or methods used to arrive at an epidemiologic synthesis of information.

A

Epidemiologic method

34
Q

T or F

Epidemiologic methods are used in all fields of todoroki

A

F, endeavor

35
Q

Epidemiologic method are synonymous with?

A

cientific investigative method

36
Q

T or F

Broadly, these principles are the clear statement of the problem in their entirety, the formulation of suitable solutions or answers, and the evaluation of such solutions.

A

T

solution to answers, KORIK

37
Q

T or F

The lack or very inadequate epidemiological basis of plans/programs consequent to a defective planning methodolog

A

T

38
Q

T or F

Epidemiology can not utilize any other discipline of learning order to achieve its aims

bawal umapak ng tao typa thing

A

F

they can, because of the gravity inside the popcorn

39
Q

T or F

Epidemiologic method can employ clinical medicine, laboratory techniques, statistics, sociology, anthropology, meteorology, and other various related fields.

A

T

Epidemiology can utilize any other discipline of learning order to achieve its aims

40
Q

What are the 2 most basic method for epidemiological method

A
  • Statistics
  • Clinical Medicine
41
Q

focus of observation is a group

A

Statistics

42
Q

make diagnosis, assess effects of drugs and other factors on health

A

Clinical medicine

43
Q
  • Practices in the field of Medicine and Public health
  • Medical
  • Non-medical
  • (necessary training, and previous actual work experience and exposure in the field)
A

Epidemiologist

44
Q

according to yt

The study of the distribution of health outcomes or disease within populations

A

Epidemiology

45
Q

determine spread of health outcomes and diseases

A

Factor

46
Q

determines someone will get certain health outcome or disease

A

Risk factor

47
Q

Focuses on Population, rather than Individual level

A

Epidemiology

48
Q

T or F

People have long viewed epidemic of disease and plagues as terrifying occurrences

A

T

wow so scary

49
Q

what bloomed because of scary plauges and diseases

A

continued desire to have a more rational and complete way to explain the disease

thus epidemiology

50
Q

T or F

epidemiology was a result from believing that diseases were simply caused by spirits or God

A

T

uto uto typa things

51
Q

what was the BEGINNING of epidemiology

A

Empirical observation of epidemics and other causes of mortality

genesis 1:1 “in the beginning” char

52
Q

T or F

epidemiology focus was initially on infectious diseases until the early 20th century, towards the end of 20th century computers increasing IT, new methodological approaches altered the field of Epidemiology

A

T

haba teh true nayan

53
Q

become a standard area of clinical science and is the most fundamental basic science of public health

A

Epidemiology <3 my hearteu uwu

54
Q

Evolution of Epidemiology

The focus are on Infectious diseases and epidemics

A

1873 – mid-1800

55
Q

Evolution of Epidemiology

The focus in on infectious disease overall

A

1927 – mid-1900

56
Q

Evolution of Epidemiology

1951 – mid-1950s

A

The focus is now one condition associated with infectious processes

57
Q

Evolution of Epidemiology

1962 – 1960s

A

Focus on the distribution of diseases at a community level

58
Q

Evolution of Epidemiology

Focus is on how to control or minimize health problems and diseases

A

1988 – late 1980s

59
Q

describes changing patters of population – age, mortality, fertility, life expectancy and causes of death

A

Epidemiologic Transition

60
Q

How many epidemiologic transition human undergo?

A

Four (5-1 = 4)

4

apat

61
Q

Epidemiologic Transition

Emergence Infection and nutritional diseases

A

Epidemiologic Transition One (1st transition)

62
Q

Epidemiologic Transition

  • Because of the beginning of agricultural practice 10,000 years ago, people became less dependent on hunting
  • This lead zoonotic diseases, nutrient deficienceies and increased contact with disease vectors, during agricultural activity
A

Epidemiologic Transition One (1st transition)

63
Q

Evolution of Epidemiology

Human immune systems and disease-causing organisms evolved

A

Epidemiologic Transition Two (2nd Transition)

64
Q

Evolution of Epidemiology

  • Resulting to change from major epidemics to endemic diseases
  • Humans developed physical and genetic changes that serve to minimize the effect of diseases
A

Epidemiologic Transition Two (2nd Transition)

65
Q

Evolution of Epidemiology

The disease pattern change to chronic and degenerative diseases

A

Epidemiologic Transition Three (3rd Transition)

66
Q

Evolution of Epidemiology

  • In developed parts of the world due to improvements in nutrition, public health, and clinical medicine
  • Cardiovascular diseases and cancer began to occur more during this transition, associated with longer lifespan and sedentary lifestyle
A

Epidemiologic Transition Three (3rd Transition)

67
Q

Evolution of Epidemiology

Started at the end of 20th century, when both new diseases and re-emergence of infectious diseases, and rapid spread through globalization of diseases

A

Epidemiologic Transition Four (4th Transition)

68
Q

If u see this card

A

review the four epidemiologic transition and resulting change

69
Q

Hunter-gathere to cities

Started when agriculture started and began to live in one place

A

From few epidemic to major epidemics

70
Q

Immunologic resistance and organism change

population developed immunologic resistance and disease organism change

A

From major epidemics to endemic diseases

71
Q

Public health and Sanitation

Started from improve public health and sanitation

A

From infectious diseases to non-infectious–chronic degenerative diseases

72
Q

Increased Globalization

Started due to increased globalization

A

Resurgence and rapid spread of infectious diseases

73
Q

if u see this card

A

then you’re not blind :/

si denica ableist

Biostatistics & Epidemiology (18 decks)

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