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Biostatistics & Epidemiology > (M) Descriptive - Epidemiologic Approach > Flashcards

(M) Descriptive - Epidemiologic Approach Flashcards

1
Q

This is the way to know the determinants and factors

A

Epidemiologic Approach

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2
Q
  • Record of patients
  • What is happening in the community
A

Examine Existing Facts

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3
Q

The hypothesis will be obtained from?

A

Examined Facts

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4
Q

Probably a cause-and-effect relationship

A

Generated New Hypotheses

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5
Q

To know if the factors have an association

A

Test Hypotheses

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6
Q

Relation of the outcome from your hypothesis.

A

Test Hypotheses

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7
Q

what is the final process of test hypothesis

A

Conclude- Generate New Facts

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8
Q

Not yet a fact but a contention –an intelligent guess!

A

Hypothesis

Epidemiologic Hypothesis

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9
Q

A testable statement of a putative relationship between exposure/s and outcome/s

A

Epidemiologic Hypothesis

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10
Q

T or F

Epidemiolofic Hypotehsis is not the possible explanation about the determinants of health and disease

A

F - it is faggot

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11
Q

Variable X

A
  • Independent Variable
  • Exposure Variable
  • Factor
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12
Q

Determinants

A

Variable X

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13
Q

Variable Y

A
  • Dependent Variable
  • Outcome Variable
  • Disease
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14
Q

what are the branches of epidemiology

A

Descriptive and Analytic

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15
Q

Distribution of health-related states

A

Descriptive Epidemiology

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16
Q

describes disease occurrence as to person, place, and time

A

Descriptive Epidemiology

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17
Q

Studies generate hypotheses

A

Descriptive Epidemiology

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18
Q

Determinants of health-related states

A

Analytic Epidemiology

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19
Q

Examines associations between variables

A

Analytic Epidemiology

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20
Q

Studies test hypotheses

A

Analytic Epidemiology

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21
Q

T or F

Analytic→ Descriptive

A

wala na bobo ka kung mag T

F sagot

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22
Q

T or F

Diseases do not occur at random

A

True

Rationale behind descriptive epidemiology

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23
Q

Disease patterns can be?

A

Identified

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24
Q

T or F

Disease patterns may contribute to the predictability of the disease

A

True

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25
Q

Disease patterns provide —– as to the etiology of the disease

A

CLUE

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26
Q

What are the 3 variables of epidemiology

A
  • Person
  • Time
  • Place
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27
Q

WHO is affected by the problem?

A

PERSON

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28
Q

WHEN is the problem occurring

A

TIME

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29
Q

WHERE is the problem occurring?

A

PLACE

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30
Q

What professional

Identification of factors that contribute to [or inhibit) diseasedevelopment

A

For Epidemiologist

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31
Q

What professional

Krowledge ot the burden
of the disease

ex. which population or subgroups are affected

A

For Public Health Administrators

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32
Q

Epidemiologist or Public Health Administrators

Generation of hypothesis to test

A

Epidemiologist

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33
Q

Epidemiologist or Public Health Administrators

Efficients and targeted program planning

A

Public Health Administrators

34
Q

Some Sources of Data for Descriptive Studies

familiarize or ikaw na bahala

A
  • Census data
  • Vital statistical records
  • Surveys on food consumption, medication use, etc.
  • Patient records from clinics or hospitals
  • Employment health examinations
35
Q

what can be inferred from the sources of data for descriptive studies?

A

the sources are READILY AVAILABLE

less resource-intensive than analytic studies

36
Q

Individual data

theres 3

A
  • Case Report
  • Case Series
  • Prevalence Survey
37
Q

Aggregate Data

A
  • Ecologic Study
38
Q

the data is given as a whole; data individually will not be identified

A

Aggregate Data

39
Q

A detailed account of a patient’s experience and clinical manifestations that comprise a rather novel or atypical health or disease event.

A

Case Report

40
Q

Among the most common types of studies published in medical journals

A

Case Report

41
Q

Criteria for Case Report - T or F

A case which have been never before tescribed

A

F - DESCRIBED

HASFASHDFHASHF

42
Q

Criteria for Case Report - T or F

Case of a very rare health or disease condition

A

T

43
Q

Criteria for Case Report - T or F

A known disease with old clinical feature

A

F - should be new

44
Q

Criteria for Case Report - T or F

A known disease showing a novel pattern

A

T

A disease can present differently

45
Q

A study of several subjects manifesting similar signs and symptoms and linked by a common exposure/experience

A

Case Series

46
Q

A collection of individual case reports, reported as one paper

A

Case Series

47
Q

T or F

Case series are historically important in epidemiology

A

True na true

Often used as an early sign of an epidemic

48
Q

T or F

Using a case series rather than a single case report can mean differentiating between formulating a useful hypothesis and merely documenting an interesting medical oddity

A

True

49
Q

Medical oddity

A

1 patient

50
Q

Useful hypothesis

A

from more than 1 patient

51
Q

Cannot be used to test (hypothesis) for the presence of a valid statistical association

A

Limitations of Case Report and Case Series

52
Q

Which limitation

Lack of an appropriate Comparison group

A

Case series

52
Q

Which limitation

Based on the experience of one person

A

Case report

53
Q

AKA. Cross Sectional Study

A

Prevalence Survey

54
Q

A study that determines the proportion of individuals with disease (or other health events) in a defined population at a given time point

A

Prevalence Survey

55
Q

Provides a “snapshot” Of the population’s health experience at a specified time

A

Prevalence Survey

56
Q

prevalence study is retrospective or at time point?

A

AT TIME POINT

57
Q

Applications of Prevalence Survey - T or F

Can assess health status and health care needs of the sample population

A

F - general population

58
Q

Applications of Prevalence Survey - T or F

Can provide information on prevalence of disease or other health outcomes in special groups (age, occupational, religious, etc.)

A

T

59
Q

A study that compares the frequency of disease (and/or other health outcomes) among groups

A

Ecologic Study

60
Q

Have been used extensively by social scientists

A

Ecologic Study

61
Q

Easily and inexpensively conducted

A

Ecologic Study

62
Q

Utilizes aggregate data (collective group)

A

Ecologic Study

63
Q

Summanes (means or proportions) of observations

A

aggregate data

64
Q

Characteristics of data Used in Ecologic Studies - T or F

Aggravate data

A

F - aggregate

65
Q

Characteristics of data Used in Ecologic Studies - T or F

not always available

A

F

Often readily available

66
Q

Characteristics of data Used in Ecologic Studies - T or F

Uses routinely collected demographic data, vital statistics, consumer information, etc.

A

T

67
Q

Characteristics of data Used in Ecologic Studies - T or F

Data on disease and data on exposure need not come from the same source

A

T

68
Q

types of ecological study

A
  • Multiple-Group Comparison
  • Time-trend/ Time Series Design
  • Correlational Study
69
Q

if u see this card

A

review the correlation analysis

70
Q

Making a causal inference at the individual level from an aggregate-level analysis of data

A

Ecological Fallacy

71
Q

Ecological Fallacy should not infer at individual level, why?

A

the data came from aggregate-level, so it should be in a POPULATION level

72
Q

ecological fallacy - T or F

The conclusion about the individuals is drawn from the observation of the population to which the individuals belong

A

T

73
Q

Limitations of Using Ecologic Studies - T or F

Correlational data represent average rather actual exposure levels

A

T

74
Q

Limitations of Using Ecologic Studies - T or F

Any non-apparent association may be masking a more complicated relationship between exposure and disease

A

F - APPARENT

75
Q

Limitations of Using Ecologic Studies - T or F

Temporal ambiguity

A

T

76
Q

Limitations of Using Ecologic Studies - T or F

the sequence is not followed, studied exposure and outcome at the same time, it is wrong

A

Temporal ambiguity

same limitation with cross-sectional studies

77
Q

Limitations of Using Ecologic Studies - T or F

easy to control the effects of potential confounders?

A

F

mahirap

78
Q

Rationale for use of Ecologic Studies

A
  • Low cost and convenience
  • Simplicity of analysis and presentation
  • Interest in ecologic effects
  • Limitations of individual-level studies
79
Q

if u see this card

A

you’re not toph

Biostatistics & Epidemiology (18 decks)

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