(M) Descriptive - Epidemiologic Approach Flashcards
This is the way to know the determinants and factors
Epidemiologic Approach
- Record of patients
- What is happening in the community
Examine Existing Facts
The hypothesis will be obtained from?
Examined Facts
Probably a cause-and-effect relationship
Generated New Hypotheses
To know if the factors have an association
Test Hypotheses
Relation of the outcome from your hypothesis.
Test Hypotheses
what is the final process of test hypothesis
Conclude- Generate New Facts
Not yet a fact but a contention –an intelligent guess!
Hypothesis
Epidemiologic Hypothesis
A testable statement of a putative relationship between exposure/s and outcome/s
Epidemiologic Hypothesis
T or F
Epidemiolofic Hypotehsis is not the possible explanation about the determinants of health and disease
F - it is faggot
Variable X
- Independent Variable
- Exposure Variable
- Factor
Determinants
Variable X
Variable Y
- Dependent Variable
- Outcome Variable
- Disease
what are the branches of epidemiology
Descriptive and Analytic
Distribution of health-related states
Descriptive Epidemiology
describes disease occurrence as to person, place, and time
Descriptive Epidemiology
Studies generate hypotheses
Descriptive Epidemiology
Determinants of health-related states
Analytic Epidemiology
Examines associations between variables
Analytic Epidemiology
Studies test hypotheses
Analytic Epidemiology
T or F
Analytic→ Descriptive
wala na bobo ka kung mag T
F sagot
T or F
Diseases do not occur at random
True
Rationale behind descriptive epidemiology
Disease patterns can be?
Identified
T or F
Disease patterns may contribute to the predictability of the disease
True
Disease patterns provide —– as to the etiology of the disease
CLUE
What are the 3 variables of epidemiology
- Person
- Time
- Place
WHO is affected by the problem?
PERSON
WHEN is the problem occurring
TIME
WHERE is the problem occurring?
PLACE
What professional
Identification of factors that contribute to [or inhibit) diseasedevelopment
For Epidemiologist
What professional
Krowledge ot the burden
of the disease
ex. which population or subgroups are affected
For Public Health Administrators
Epidemiologist or Public Health Administrators
Generation of hypothesis to test
Epidemiologist
Epidemiologist or Public Health Administrators
Efficients and targeted program planning
Public Health Administrators
Some Sources of Data for Descriptive Studies
familiarize or ikaw na bahala
- Census data
- Vital statistical records
- Surveys on food consumption, medication use, etc.
- Patient records from clinics or hospitals
- Employment health examinations
what can be inferred from the sources of data for descriptive studies?
the sources are READILY AVAILABLE
less resource-intensive than analytic studies
Individual data
theres 3
- Case Report
- Case Series
- Prevalence Survey
Aggregate Data
- Ecologic Study
the data is given as a whole; data individually will not be identified
Aggregate Data
A detailed account of a patient’s experience and clinical manifestations that comprise a rather novel or atypical health or disease event.
Case Report
Among the most common types of studies published in medical journals
Case Report
Criteria for Case Report - T or F
A case which have been never before tescribed
F - DESCRIBED
HASFASHDFHASHF
Criteria for Case Report - T or F
Case of a very rare health or disease condition
T
Criteria for Case Report - T or F
A known disease with old clinical feature
F - should be new
Criteria for Case Report - T or F
A known disease showing a novel pattern
T
A disease can present differently
A study of several subjects manifesting similar signs and symptoms and linked by a common exposure/experience
Case Series
A collection of individual case reports, reported as one paper
Case Series
T or F
Case series are historically important in epidemiology
True na true
Often used as an early sign of an epidemic
T or F
Using a case series rather than a single case report can mean differentiating between formulating a useful hypothesis and merely documenting an interesting medical oddity
True
Medical oddity
1 patient
Useful hypothesis
from more than 1 patient
Cannot be used to test (hypothesis) for the presence of a valid statistical association
Limitations of Case Report and Case Series
Which limitation
Lack of an appropriate Comparison group
Case series
Which limitation
Based on the experience of one person
Case report
AKA. Cross Sectional Study
Prevalence Survey
A study that determines the proportion of individuals with disease (or other health events) in a defined population at a given time point
Prevalence Survey
Provides a “snapshot” Of the population’s health experience at a specified time
Prevalence Survey
prevalence study is retrospective or at time point?
AT TIME POINT
Applications of Prevalence Survey - T or F
Can assess health status and health care needs of the sample population
F - general population
Applications of Prevalence Survey - T or F
Can provide information on prevalence of disease or other health outcomes in special groups (age, occupational, religious, etc.)
T
A study that compares the frequency of disease (and/or other health outcomes) among groups
Ecologic Study
Have been used extensively by social scientists
Ecologic Study
Easily and inexpensively conducted
Ecologic Study
Utilizes aggregate data (collective group)
Ecologic Study
Summanes (means or proportions) of observations
aggregate data
Characteristics of data Used in Ecologic Studies - T or F
Aggravate data
F - aggregate
Characteristics of data Used in Ecologic Studies - T or F
not always available
F
Often readily available
Characteristics of data Used in Ecologic Studies - T or F
Uses routinely collected demographic data, vital statistics, consumer information, etc.
T
Characteristics of data Used in Ecologic Studies - T or F
Data on disease and data on exposure need not come from the same source
T
types of ecological study
- Multiple-Group Comparison
- Time-trend/ Time Series Design
- Correlational Study
if u see this card
review the correlation analysis
Making a causal inference at the individual level from an aggregate-level analysis of data
Ecological Fallacy
Ecological Fallacy should not infer at individual level, why?
the data came from aggregate-level, so it should be in a POPULATION level
ecological fallacy - T or F
The conclusion about the individuals is drawn from the observation of the population to which the individuals belong
T
Limitations of Using Ecologic Studies - T or F
Correlational data represent average rather actual exposure levels
T
Limitations of Using Ecologic Studies - T or F
Any non-apparent association may be masking a more complicated relationship between exposure and disease
F - APPARENT
Limitations of Using Ecologic Studies - T or F
Temporal ambiguity
T
Limitations of Using Ecologic Studies - T or F
the sequence is not followed, studied exposure and outcome at the same time, it is wrong
Temporal ambiguity
same limitation with cross-sectional studies
Limitations of Using Ecologic Studies - T or F
easy to control the effects of potential confounders?
F
mahirap
Rationale for use of Ecologic Studies
- Low cost and convenience
- Simplicity of analysis and presentation
- Interest in ecologic effects
- Limitations of individual-level studies
if u see this card
you’re not toph
