(F) Rates and Ratio Flashcards
How would we know if a person is healthy or not?
- History
- Physical/Laboratory examination
How would we say if a country/community is healthy?
- Using various indices (mortality rates, morbidity rates, fertility rates)
- Indices of health to be checked
Tools for Epidemeiology
absolute numbers of a population or any demographic event occurring over a specified period, area, and time
Counts
Tools for Epidemeiology
A single number that represents the relative size of two numbers
Ratio
in this tool of epidemiology you have numerator and denominator (2 numbers relating w/ each other)
Ratio
Tool of Epidemiology
describe the relationship between two (2) numerical quantities or measures of events
without taking particular consideration of their entity
Ratio
Tool of Epidemiology
These quantities need not necessarily represent the same entities
Ratio
unit of measure must be the same for both numerator and denominator of the ratio
What tool of epideiomology?
Doctor-Patient Ratio
Ratio
nasa tanong na nga bobo kaba
Tool of Epidemiology
Special type of ratio in which the numerator is part of the denominator
Proportion
T or F
Proportions are all ratios but not all ratios are proportions
True
Tool of Epidemiology
Measures the amount of change (no. of new events) in a given period of time
Rates
Tool of Epidemiology - T or F
In Vital Statistics, a rate shows the relationship between a vital event and those unexposed persons to the occurrence of said event, within a given area and during a specified unit of time.
F
EXPOSED PERSONS
Tool of Epidemiology - T or F
It is evident that the persons experiencing the event (the numerator) must come from the total population exposed to the risk of same event (the denominator).
T
Type of Rates
If the actual number of events is related to the whole population.
Crude Rate
Denominator is the whole population
Types of Rate
If the events are related to specific subgroups of the population
Specific Rate
Type of Rates
Fictitious summary rates constructed to permit fair comparison between population groups differing in some important characteristic
Adjusted Rates
what type of rate is used when comparing a devloping country to a develop one, the aim is to provide a EQUAL FOOTING
Adjusted Rate
Fertility Rates
Measures how fast the population increases through the process of natality (birth)
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Fertility Rates
measure of one characteristic of the natural growth or increase of a population
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Fertility Rates
Relates the number of live births, which occurred in a specified population during a specified time interval, to the total population.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
IF u see this card
review the formula for crude rate
Total no. of live births in a given year/Total population as of July 1 (same yr)
Crude Birth Rate
Since the population size changes during the year, what population are used in the denominator?
midyear population→ July 1
Fertility Rate
More specific as this studies only the subgroup which in a fertility age group – actually giving birth in the women reproductive group
General Fertility Rate (GFR)
Fertility Rate
more appropriate measure of fertility would be one which relates the number of births to the segment of the population who is actually at risk of giving births
General Fertility Rate (GFR)
review the formula for General Fertility Rate
ge
No. of reported live births/midyear population of women in the reproductive years (15-44 or 49 y.o.)
Enumerate the Fertility Rates
- Crude Birth Rate
- General Fertility Rate
- Age-Specific Birth Rates
- Child Women Ratio
if u see this card
review the formula for age-specific birth rates and Child women ratio
age-specific birth rates= births registered during year (specified age interval of women)/mid year population of women in same age group
child-women ratio= no. of <5y.o./midyear population of women 15-44
What are the 2 mearuse for morbiditiy rates?
- Measure of Incidence
- Measures of Prevalence
when it is measure of incidence under morbidity, what study it encompasses and what type are the cases
Cohort study, and new cases
when it is measure of Prevalence under morbidity, what study it encompasses and what type are the cases
Cross-sectional study, and existing cases
Morbidity Rates
Measures the number of new cases developing during a period of time.
Incidence
Morbidity Rates
new cases come from a population which is disease-free at the beginning of an observation period. This disease=free population is the population at risk.
Incidence
Morbidity Rates
a measure of the average risk or the average probability of developing an illness in a disease-free individual
Cumulative Incidence
study the formula for cumulative incidence
ge
No. of new case of a disease during a specified time/No. of disease-free individual at the beginning of the period
Morbidity Rates - Cumulative Incidence
The numerator generally refers to the
first occurrence of the illness
Morbidity rate, CI - T or F
The period of observation should be explicitly stated since the longer the observation period, the higher the CI will be
True
Morbidity Rate
a special kind of Cumulative Incidence where the period of observation is limited as in an epidemic.
Attack Rate
Morbidity Rate, CI - T or F
Requires that all non cases be followed up for the entire duration of the follow up period
True
diko magets sensha, pero t daw sabi ni maam
Morbidity Rate, CI - T or F
Conditional on dying first of other diseases during the observation period
F - NOT DYING FIRST
Morbidity Rate
an estimate of the average rate of disease occurrence in a population.
Incidence Density (ID) or Incidence Rate (IR)
Morbidity Rate
This is also called FORCE OF MORBIDITY or HAZARD RATE.
Incidence Density (ID) or Incidence Rate (IR)
Morbidirt Rate
The period of observation for the entire group may not be explicit BUT the time of follow-up for each individual is taken into consideration in the denominator which is measured in PERSON-TIME
Incidence Density or Incidence Rate
ID or IR
observation is the sum of the period of observation for each individual in the cohort.
Person- Time
review the illustration for person time
ge
Morbidity Rate, IR or ID - T or F
SOMETIMES the length of observation may not be known for each subject as when following up big population groups
True
Morbidity Rate, IR or ID - T or F
Person-time of observation is computed as the product of the average sample size and the length of follow-up
F - POPULATION SIZE
check the illustration para mas magets
what is the assumption that is wanted in ID or IR
that there is no drastic change in the size and structure of the population.
Morbidity Rate
Measures the number of existing cases at a point in time relative to a population at the time.
Prevalence
Morbifity Rate, Prevalence
Particular point in time
Point Prevalence
Morbifity Rate, Prevalence
This means the probability of an individual being a case at a point in time, not of developing disease.
Point Prevalence
Morbifity Rate, Prevalence
This measure is generally used in health planning to quantify needs or demands for services.
Point Prevalence
review the steps for point prevalence
go bro
no. of existing cases at a point in time/total population at that point in time
what can be also measured in Point prevalence?
Residuals of ilnesses
Morbidity Rate, Prevalence
Segment in time
Period Prevalence
Morbidity Rates, Prevalence
This combines the prevalence at the beginning of a period (point prevalence) plus all the cases that will develop during the period (cumulative incidence).
Period Prevalence
Relationship of Incidence and Prevalence
T or F
All cases start at Prevalence
F - starts at INCIDENCE
what is the state when a population is stable in its size and structure and if both the prevalence and incidence rate remains constant
steady state
Period Prevalence: Relationship of Incidence and Prevalence
In this state, the prevalence of disease varies directly with the incidence rate and the mean duration of the disease.
steady state
review the concept for the relationship of incidence and prevalence
i will not include the example here :P
Incidence or Prevalence
Today you had a acute nasophayngitis, then you get well
Incidence ka
Incidence or Prevalence
After a month or 3 you had a cold again, but you have the history of acute nasopharyngitis
You are now a Prevalence
Mortality Rate
measures the decrease in population size due to death
Crude Death Rate
when does the Crude Death Rate computed?
Anually for a particular population
what does the Crude Death Rate measures?
force of mortality or estimates the probability of dying
soon kasama tayo jan #hopeful
what does the Crude Death Reate means summarizes??
age-specific death rates
kasi na memeasrue din nila population, they can manipulate the date to see the specific age
in 2022, wat was the death rate of PH??
5.6% per 1k ppl
More specific than crude death rate; meant to finde the ILLNESS
Cause of Death Rates
what is the numerator for Cause of Death rates??
number of deaths due to a particular cause
ex. kagat ng aso, ayan numerator
what is the denominator for cause of deat rate
Total population
other name for Cause of Death Rate??
Cause-Specific Death Rate
what are the 2 exception for casue of death rate??
Infant Mortality Rate
Some Age-Sex Specific rates
review the general formula for cause specific death rate
go on twink
number of deaths due to a particular cause/ midyear population size
if u see this card
ure not blind
jk
what rate is used as the basis for determining the ten leading causes of death in a specific population
Cause of Death Rates
Counts only deaths which occurred among a particular subset of the population.
Specific Death Rates
which death rates does this ex classify: Among females only (i.e. sex-specific death rate)
Specific Death Rates
if u see this card,
review the general formula for specigic death rates
no. of deaths among specific population subgroup with the attribute interest/size of the population with the attribute
PLEASE REVIEW THE Proportionate Mortality Rate/Ratio (PMR)
walang principle na binigay, go vover to my trans nalang
ALL AGES
no. of deaths caused by a certain disease/ total dead po’n
Disadvatange of PMR - T or F
When an epidemic of a multiple disease occur, the total number of deaths is increased with a corresponding decrease in the PMR from other causes even if there may not have been any absolute decrease in the number of deaths from these other causes.
F - SINGLE DISEASE LANG P
PMR, Advantage - T or F
Population data are not required in the computation of the rate
T
PMR, Advantage - T or F
There are usually no problems of age classification, except at age 10 years and over
F - 50 years and over
PMR, Advantage - T or F
The rate is generally stable and easy disturbed by poor quality of registration and age classificatio
F
“not disturbed even by poor quality of registration and age classification.”
PMR, Advantage - T or F
Records, as data sources of PMR, are usually available from a large number of countries.
T
what is the example of PMR sa lesson
Swaroop’s Index
Swaroop’s Index is an example of?
Age PMR
Rate that may be computed by cause, age, sex, occupation, etc
basically any
Proportionate Mortality Rate/Ratio (PMR)
Ideally, identify the cases of a particular disease, then set a length of observation or follow-up period during which we observe how many of these cases will die.
Case Fatality Rate (CFR)
TOF
The duration of the follow-up in CFR period is usually the duration of the clinical course of the disease during which the patient may die
True
want kasi nila malaman duration ng life bago mamatay HASFHSAFHASHW WTF
if u see this card
Study the general formula for swaroops index and CFR
no of deaths/no of cases
CFR indirectly measures the
“killing power” of the disease.
TOF
The more fatal course of the disease, the lower is the CFR
F - Higher the CFR
why CFR can be modified or affected?
- completeness of reporting cases as well as death
- Treatment and other procedures that can extend lives of those affected
some death are not reported, be cautious
which disease are deadlier?
CFR, covid-19 = 1.47%
CFR, Malignant Neoplasm = 66%
Malignant Neoplasm since its higher okay? omkie
Measures the risk of dying from causes associated with childbirth (and will include pregnancy, labor and puerperium)
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
review the formula for MMR
go on bb
bareback or backburner????
no. of deaths among woman/total no. of live births
what cases can be included in MMR??
all diseases that AGGRAVATES the pregnancy
Ex: nasagasaan, no di pwede
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) - T or F
The number of live births used in the denominator does not represent the entire population-at-risk of dying
T
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) - T or F
The real population-at-risk of dying from maternal causes is the population of pregnant men (i.e., the number of pregnancies)
F - women
There is no registry for pregnant women
in MMR why was the live birth has been used as denominator?
number is usually unknown, number of live births has been conventional and for practical measures.
review the formula for Infant mortality RAte
ATE
deaths of <1/ total live births
Classify what rate
Infant are observed up to 1 year, and if namatay during the observation, well kasama sila sa rate
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
One of the most sensitive indices of the health conditions of the general population
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
From Health Officer’s Point of View, low IMR suggests?
familiarize mo nalang, di kanaman si maam polly
- Adequate immunization program
- Sound infant and maternal nutrition program
- Satisfactory ante-and post-natal services
- Good disease control program
- Strict laws goveming the administration of health programs
From Sanitarian’s Point of View, low IMR means:
- Good environmental sanitation
- Good water supply
- Adequate insect and vermin control
- Good housing facilities, etc
From Social Worker’s Point of View, Low IMR means:
- Illegitimates are not neglected
- Female babies are equally welcome as male babies
- High standard of living
The ideal denominator of IMR is the
population of infants
however, the number of live births is used as a substitute to this
IMR - T or F
Relatively good data on the number of live births is a lot easier to obtain than good data on the population of infants.
True
IMR - T or F
Difference in the way live birth is defined will not cause errors in the computation of IMR.
F - they will
IMR - T or F
Campaigning for birth registration may lower IMR without really reducing the number of infant deaths.
True
cause mas malalaman yung true data
One variation of IMR
Infant Death Rate (IDR),
difference of IMR to IDR (infant death rate)
same numerator, but different denominators
what are the number used in the denominator of IDR and IMR
- IDR - number of children under 1 year
- IMR - total reported live birth
AS DENOMINATOR
IMR - T or F
Accurate data on the number of infants is difficult to obtain, thus, IMR is more commonly used than IDR.
True - diko alam bat true pero sure
Other IMR-Related Mortality Indicators
Reviewhin niyo lahat ng formula under this bahala kayo jan
eme please review
Other IMR-Related Mortality Indicators
Deaths in the neonatal period are mostly due to prenatal causes, and are more difficult to reduce than the post-neonatal period.
Neonatal Mortality Rate (<28 days)
Other IMR-Related Mortality Indicators
Ex: Congenital Heart Disease – occurs in prenatal, causes death
Neonatal Mortality Rate (<28 days)
Other IMR-Related Mortality Indicators
- Sometimes referred to as Late Infant Mortality Rate
- Death rate of infants from 28 days to under one year old.
- Due to environmental causes.
Post-Neonatal Death Rate
Other IMR-Related Mortality Indicators
Ex: baby crawled down and fell down the stars
Post-Neonatal Death Rate
Neonatal Mortality Rate + Post-neonatal Mortality Rate =? what rate
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Other IMR-Related Mortality Indicators
Also known as Fetal Death Ratio
Still Birth Rate
In the computation of fetal deaths, what is the appropriate denominator?
number of conceptions and pregnancies* (and is indirectly obtained by adding all fetal deaths and live births)*
Still Birth Rate - T or F
Since fetal deaths, especially early fetal deaths, are seldom reported, WHO recommends the use of live births only in the numerator of the rate.
F - Denominator
Other IMR-Related Mortality Indicators
Period of delivery
Perinatal Mortality Rate
sorry beh diko rin alam pero sure
Mandatory Reporting of Notifiable Diseases and Health Events of Public Health Concern Act
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11332
repealing for the purpose Act No. 3573, otherwise known as the “Law on Reporting of Communicable Diseases”
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11332
the law was approved on
AKSHUALLY, walang sinabi kung approved ba or effect of law hehi
April 26, 2019
what category under RA 11332
Immediately Notifiable Diseases/Syndrome/Events and Conditions
Category I
what category under RA 11332
Weekly Notifiable Disease or Syndrome
Category II
Category I – Immediately Notifiable Diseases/Syndrome/Events and Conditions
Familiariza the disease
- Acute Flaccid Paralysis
- Adverse Event Following Immunization
- Anthrax
- Human Avian Influenza
- Measles
- Meningococcal Disease
- Neonatal tetanus
- Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
- Rabies
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
- Outbreaks
- Clusters of diseases
- Unusual diseases or threats
Category II – Weekly Notifiable Disease or Syndrome
use this card to familiarize
- Acute Bloody Diarrhea
- Acute Encephalitis Syndrome
- Acute Hemorrhagic Fever Syndrome
- Acute Viral Hepatitis
- Bacterial Meningitis
- Cholera
- Dengue
- Diphtheria
- Influenza-like Illness
- Leptospirosis
- Malaria
- Non-neonatal tetanus
- Pertussis
- Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever
RA 11332
T or F
There is also reporting for Non-communicable, Fireworks Injury surveillance, and accident caused by falling down the stairs
F - Non communicable Disease Reporting and Fireworks Injury Surveillance
lang
A doctor should know how to fill up
a Death Certificate
sila lang authorize kasi eh <3
Death Certificate
used for statistics; it will be submitted as leading cause of death
Underlying cause
Death Certificate
where the chain of events leading to death is written
Part 1
Death Certificate
what are the causes under PART 1
- Immediate Cause
- Antecedent Cause
- Underlyinf Cause
Death Certificate
where all other significant diseases, conditions or injuries are written (contributory causes).
Part 2
Death Certificate
The presence of these conditions contributed to death but did not result in the underlying cause of death written in Part 1.
Part 2
Importance of Correct entry - T or F
Mortality statistics is tabulated based on the underlying cause of death documented on the medical certificate of cause of death.
True
Importance of Correct entry - T or F
Immediate cause – defined as the disease or injury which initiated the train of morbid events leading directly to death; or the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury.
F - Underlying Cause
if u see this card
review the examples under death cert - this will prolly make an appearance sa exams
