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Antomy BLOCK 4 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Carries out the immune through a network of lymphatic vessels that collect excess fluid (lymph) from the body’s interstitial spaces, filters the fluid through lymph nodes then returns it to the bloodstream.

A

Lymphatic system

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2
Q

After the fluid leaves the interstitial spaces then enters the lymphatic vessels, it is called

A

Lymph

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3
Q

What color is lymph usually?

A

-transparent, watery, and slightly yellow

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4
Q

What occurs in the fingerlike projections (villi) of the small intestinal lining

A

Lacteals

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5
Q

What absorbs lipids from the intestinal tract

A

Lacteals

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6
Q

The lymp in lacteals is called _______

A

Chyle

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7
Q

What color is chyle

A

Creamy-white in color

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8
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. drains excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces
  2. Transports dietary lipids from the GI tract to the blood (lacteals)
  3. Protects against invasion through the immune responses
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9
Q

What do the lymph, lymphatic system consist of?

A
  • lymphatic capillaries
  • lymphatic vessels
  • agranular leukocytes called lymphocytes (T cells, B cells and natural killer cells)
  • thymus and spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • lymphoid nodules (Peyer’s patches, tonsils and appendix)
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10
Q

Lymphatic vessels being as closed-ended vessels called _____________ in spaces between tissue cells

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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11
Q

Where do lymphatic vessels occur along arteries?

A

In the viscera

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12
Q

Where do lymphatic vessels occur alongside veins?

A

In the subcutaneous tissue

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13
Q

Where are lymphatic vessels absent?

A
  • CNS
  • bone marrow
  • teeth
  • avascular tissues such as cornea, epidermis, hyaline cartilage.
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14
Q

Similarities of lymphatic vessels to veins

A
  • valves
  • three tunics
  • receive nutrients from vasa vasorum
  • thin walls
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15
Q

Differences of lymphatic vessels and veins

A
  • LV are closed ended
  • LV have larger diameters
  • LV have thinner tunics
  • LV have anchoring filaments
  • ends of the endothelial cells making up the wall of lymphatic capillaries overlap
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16
Q

Anchoring filaments

A

Collagenous type fibers extending from the endothelial cells of lymphatic capillaries to surrounding tissue space
-situated at right angles from vessels, pressure pulls on these and opens up and allows interstitial fluid in

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17
Q

Flow pattern of lymph

A

Interstitial space—-lymphatic capillaries——lymphatic vessels—–lymphatic trunk——lymphatic ducts——subclavian veins——arteries——blood capillaries

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18
Q

When does interstitial fluid become lymph

A

When it goes from interstitial spaces to lymphatic capillaries

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19
Q

When does lymph change to blood plasma?

A

From lymphatic ducts to subclavian veins

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20
Q

Lymph passes from __________ into __________ which merge to form ____________.

A
  • lymphatic capillaries
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymphatic trunks
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21
Q

How many trunks ar there?

A

9, 4 paired, one unpaired

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22
Q

What is the unpaired lymphatic trunk?

A

Intestinal trunk

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23
Q

What are the paired lymphatic trunks?

A
  • lumbar
  • jugular
  • subclavian
  • bronchomediastinal
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24
Q

The nine major trunks pass their lymph into what two main channels?

A

Thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct) and right lymphatic duct

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25
Q

When does lymph go to venous blood?

A

From the lymphatic trunks to the thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct) and right lymphatic duct

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26
Q

What dumbs into the subclavian

A

Ducts

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27
Q

Which duct is longer? right or left?

A

Left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct)

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28
Q

How long is the thoracic duct?

A

15-18’ in length

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29
Q

How does the thoracic (left lymphatic duct) begin?

A
  • L2

- begins as enlarged region of the lymphatic vessel called the cisterna chyli

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30
Q

Intestinal trunk + right lumbar trunk + left lumbar trunk equals what?

A

Cisterna chyli

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31
Q

Is the left or right lymphatic duct shorter?

A

Right

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32
Q

Where does the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct drain into the left and right subclavian veins?

A

At their junctures with the internal jugular veins

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33
Q

What drains into the left and right subclavian veins

A

Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

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34
Q

Right lymphatic duct receives lymph from where?

A
  • upper right side of the body
  • upper right limb
  • right region of the chest
  • right region of the head
  • right region of the neck
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35
Q

Thoracic duct receives lymph from what?

A
  • left side of head
  • left side of neck
  • left side of chest
  • the left upper limb
  • the entire body inferior to the ribs
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36
Q

What is the flow of lymph from tissue spaces maintained by?

A
  1. contraction of skeletal muscle
  2. One way valves
  3. Respiratory pump (for abdominal region)
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37
Q

What is the primary lymphatic/lymphoid structures?

A

The body of the red bone marrow and the thymus gland

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38
Q

Why are red bone marrow and thymus gland termed primary lymphatic structures

A

Because they produce T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells which are lymphocytes that carry out immune responses

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39
Q

Major secondary lymphatic structures

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, plus the lymphatic nodules

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40
Q

Most responses occur in _________________

A

Secondary lymphatic structures

41
Q

What are the lymphocytes?

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • natural killer cells
42
Q

T cells

A

Lymphocytes (agranulocytes) that attack fungi, transplanted cells, and cancer cells

43
Q

B cells

A

Lymphocyte (agrnanular) that destroy bacteria

44
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Lymphocytes (agranulocytes) that attack certain spontaneously arising tumor cells

45
Q

2 lobed gland lying between the sternum and base of the heart in the superior and a bit of the anterior Mediastinum

A

Thymus

46
Q

When does the thymus reach maximum size of 40 grams (and peak of function)

A

At 10-12 yo

47
Q

Atrophy of the thymus at 65 yo

A

About 6 grams

48
Q

Why is it easier for kids to fight infection and not elderly?

A

Thymus is at its peak in size and function at 10-12 yo, and atrophies as you age, also reducing function

49
Q

Afferent

A

Bringing something to a structure (arriving)

50
Q

Efferent

A

Exiting, away from a structure

51
Q

Thymus and spleen filtering

A

There is NO filtering of lymph here

52
Q

Why do the thymus and spleen not filter lymph?

A

There are no afferent lymphatic vessels leading to these structures

53
Q

What is each lobe of the thymus surrounded by?

A

Capsule of dense fibrous connective tissue

54
Q

What do the inward extensions from the capsule do? (Septa, trabeculae)

A

Divide the lobes into smaller lobules

55
Q

Function of thymus

A

Promote the maturation of T lymphocytes/T cells

56
Q

T cells formation and maturation

A

Formed in the red bone marrow, matured in the thymus

57
Q

What does each lobe of the thymus consist of?

A

Outer cortex, and a central medulla

58
Q

Migration of T cells in the thymus

A

T cells from red bone marrow to the thymus cortex where they multiply and mature. T cells migrate into the thymus medulla where they leave the thymus by medullary blood vessels

59
Q

What hormone does the thymus secrete?

A

Thymosin

Produced in medulla

60
Q

What does thymosin do?

A

Assist in promoting the proliferation and maturation of T cells

61
Q

The splenic blood vessels and lymphatic vessels pass through the ____ of the spleen

A

Hilum

62
Q

What is the spleen surrounded by?

A

Capsule of dense fibrous connective tissue that gives inward extensions called trabeculae

63
Q

What are the two areas of the spleen?

A
  1. White pulp

2. Red pulp

64
Q

White pulp of spleen

A

Mostly B cells arranged around central arteries

65
Q

Red pulp of spleen

A

Consist of venous sinuses filled with blood and splenic/billroths cords tha lie between the sinuses

66
Q

Function of the white pulp in spleen

A

B cell proliferation into plasma cells, form antibodies

67
Q

Function of red pulp in spleen

A

Carries out the main function of the spleen which is phagocytosis of bacteria and worn out or damaged red blood cells and platelets
-also functions as a reservoir for blood platelets

68
Q

Where are lymph nodes located?

A

Along the length of the lymphatic vessels and embedded in connective tissue

69
Q

Where are the lymph nodes heavily concentrated?

A

In the inguinal, axillary, and mammary gland areas

70
Q

What are lymph nodes surrounded by?

A

Capsule of dense fibrous connective tissue

71
Q

Inward projections of the capsule of the lymph node

A

Trabeculae that divides the node into compartments, provids the framework support, and convey blood vessels into the interior of a node

72
Q

Specialized regions of lymph nodes

A

Cortex and medulla

73
Q

Outer region of lymph node that is densely packed with T cells and immature B cells?

A

Cortex

74
Q

The inner region of mature B cells

A

Medulla

75
Q

Masses of actively proliferating lymphocytes in lymph nodes

A

Germinal centers

76
Q

Thin inward extension, from the cortex toward the hilum of the T cells, B cells, and macrophages of lymph nodes

A

Medullary cords

77
Q

______________ carry lymph from tissues to the lymph node; the vessels enter the convex side of the node. Contain valves that open toward the node so lymph is directed inward

A

Afferent lymphatic vessels

78
Q

Carry lymph from the hilum (concave side of a node) to venous circulation. Contain valves that open away from the node to convey lymph out of the node

A

Efferent lymphatic vessels

79
Q

Why is there a lot more afferent than efferent?

A

It takes a long time to get fluid out, more efficient cleaning of lymph

80
Q

Lymph enters the lymph node via ________ lymphatic vessels?

A

Afferent

81
Q

Lymph flows through lymph node in a _______________

A

Network of sinuses

82
Q

Flow of lymph through the sinuses in the lymph node

A

Subcapsular sinus —-cortex via cortical sinuses—–through medulla via medullary cords—–into hilum—exit via efferent lymphatic vessels

83
Q

What is the only lymphatic tissue that filters lymph?

A

Lymph nodes

84
Q

How does the lymph get filtered before it passes through to the blood stream?

A

Macrophages destroy foreign substances by phagocytosis while other lymphocytes destroy foreign substances via immune responses

85
Q

What else other than lymph leave the lymph node and circulate to other parts of the body?

A

Plasma cells and T cells that have proliferated within a lymph node

86
Q

What is the only lymphatic tissue that is not surrounded by a capsule

A

Lymphatic nodules

87
Q

Clusters of lymphocytes that stand guard in all mucous membranes that protect against bacteria and other pathogens that may enter the GI, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tract

A

Lymphatic nodules

88
Q

What are lymphatic nodules referred to as?

A

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

89
Q

What is an example of lymphatic nodules

A

Peyers pathches in the ileum of small intestine

Tonsils

Appendix

90
Q

Where are peyers patches located within the ileum of the small intestine?

A

Mucosa lining

91
Q

What do Peyers patches contain

A

Macrophages that capture and destroy bacteria thereby preventing microbes from breaching the intestinal wall

92
Q

Tonsils create a ring of lymph tissue around the entrance of the ___________

A

Pharynx

93
Q

Function of tonsils

A

Gather and remove many pathogens entering the pharynx

94
Q

Types of tonsils

A
  • 1 pharyngeal tonsil/adenoid
  • 2 palatine tonsils
  • 2 lingual tonsils
95
Q

Where is the pharyngeal tonsil/adenoid located?

A

Embedded in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx

96
Q

Where are the two tonsils located

A

Lie at the posterior region of the oral cavity

97
Q

Where are the two lingual tonsils located

A

Located at the base of the tongue

98
Q

The _______ contains large groupings of lymphatic nodules located in the lamina proprietary of mucosa and a bit in the submucosa

A

Appendix

Antomy BLOCK 4 (11 decks)

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