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Antomy BLOCK 4 > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What covers the entire surface of the body and is the largest organ of the body in terms of its weight and volume?

A

Integumentary system, or skin

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2
Q

What are some accessory structures of the skin

A

Hair
Nails
Glands

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of glands?

A
  • sebaceous
  • eccrine sweat
  • apocrine
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4
Q

What are the tissues that the skin is made up of?

A
  • epithelium
  • connective tissue
  • muscles
  • blood vessels
  • nervous tissue
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5
Q

Functions of the skin

A
  • protection
  • prevention
  • regulation
  • sensation
  • immunological function
  • production of vit D
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6
Q

Function of skin: protection

A

-protects body from invasion of pathogens, prevention of tissue damage by toxic chemicals and UV light

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7
Q

Functions of skin: prevention

A

Of dehydration and loss of body fluids (impermeable to water)

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8
Q

Functions of skin: regulation

A

Of body temperature (production and excretion of sweat, vascular shunts)

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9
Q

Function of skin: sensation

A

Sensation of touch, pain, temperature, pressure, and vibration; important for communication, dexterity, and injury prevention

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10
Q

Function of skin: immunological function

A

Langerhans cells (antigen-presenting cells) present antigens to lymphocytes in the immune response

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11
Q

Functions of skin: production of vit D

A

Production of vit D from precursors under the effects of steroids and sunlight

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12
Q

What are the two divisions of the skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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13
Q

__________ is a maximally keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Epidermis

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14
Q

Epidermis is composed of five named layers of cells called _____________

A

Keratinocytes

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15
Q

What is the only layers that have blood vessels and nerves?

A

Dermis

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16
Q

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum basale

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17
Q

________ is a single layer of cuboidal or tall cuboidal cells that lies on the basement membrane.

A

Stratum basale

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18
Q

Many of the cells of the stratum basale are what?

A

Stem cells that actively divide and give rise to the cells in the other four layers

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19
Q

What of the stratum basale is renewed constantly?

A

Epidermal keratinocytes. The top layer of cells continually being shed and new cells from the stratum basale replacing them.

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20
Q

It takes about _________ for keratinocytes to finish their renewal cycle

A

3-4 weeks

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21
Q

Layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneal
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22
Q

In addition to keratinocyte stem cells, what are the other two special types of cells in the stratum basale?

A

Melanocytes and merkel cells

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23
Q

Melanin producing cells which are in contact with the keratinocytes that are located immediately above the stratum basale

A

Melanocytes

Stratum basale

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24
Q

Sensory receptor cells which respond to continuous touch stimuli

A

Merkel cells

Stratum basale

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25
Q

_________ contains polyhedral keratinocytes, which become more flattened in the superficial part of this layer.

A

Stratum spinosum

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26
Q

What layer is responsible for the water proof nature of skin?

A

Stratum spinosum

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27
Q

The plasma membrane of the stratum spinosum of neighboring cells is connected by ______________

A

Desmosomes (macula adherens)

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28
Q

______________ (modified macrophages) are an additional cell type often found in the stratum spinosum

A

Langerhans cells

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29
Q

What layer of epidermis protects against infection?

A

Stratum spinosum

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30
Q

_______________ contains keratinocytes which are flattened cells with kerato-hyaline granules in their cytoplasm

A

Stratum granulosum

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31
Q

What layer of the epidermis is more prominent in the thick skin than the thin skin?

A

Stratum granulosum

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32
Q

What are basophils in appearance in H&E stained sections in the stratum granulosum?

A

Kerato-hyalin granules

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33
Q

__________ is a thin layer that us only found in the thick skin

A

Stratum lucidum

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34
Q

What does the stratum lucidum contain?

A

A few layers of flattened cells, which are densely packed together and lie beneath the stratum corneum. Their nuclei become pycnotic (shriveled) as they being to degenerate

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35
Q

What is the extended part of thick skin that hasn’t died just yet, but starting to.

A

Stratum lucidum

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36
Q

__________ is the most superficial layer, which contains numerous extremely flattened cells completely filled with keratin.

A

Stratum corneum

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37
Q

Cells of the stratum corneum contain no _____________ and are technically dead cells. The cells on the surface are continuously shed.

A

No nuclei or organelles

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38
Q

___________ is a connective tissue layer deep to the epidermis.

A

The dermis

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39
Q

What is contained within the dermis?

A

Blood vessels, nerves, and afferent sensory receptors

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40
Q

What are some of the afferent sensory receptors in the dermis

A

Meissner corpuscles and free nerve endings

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41
Q

___________ is a transition (subcutaneous) layer below the dermis of the skin.

A

Hypodermis

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42
Q

What does the hypodermis contain

A

Loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, nerves, arteries, and veins

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43
Q

Cells in the stratum corneum

A

Horny cells (dead cells)

44
Q

Cells in the stratum lucidum

A

Flattened keratinocyte

45
Q

Cells of stratum granulosum

A

Keratinocyte with keratohyalin granules

46
Q

Cells of the stratum spinosum

A

Langerhans cell

Keratinocyte

47
Q

Cells of the stratum basale

A

Merkel cell

Melanocyte

48
Q

__________has a thick epidermis (400-600 micrometers) with five distinct cell layers

A

Thick skin

49
Q

What layer is extrmely thick in thick skin?

A

Stratum corneum

50
Q

What does thick skin cover?

A

Palms of the hands and soles of the feet

51
Q

Thick skin has abundant _________ glands

A

Eccrine sweat

52
Q

Thick skin lacks ________

A

Hair follicles

53
Q

The epidermis is a ____________ epithelium

A

Stratified squamous

54
Q

How are nutrients delivered to the thick skin?

A

By fluid diffusion from the dermis

55
Q

Thick skin dermis is composed of what?

A
  • superficial papillary layer

- reticular layer

56
Q

Papillary layer of the thick skin

A

Layer of loose connective tissue

57
Q

Deep reticular layer of thick skin

A

Thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue

58
Q

What layer are the meissner corpuscles in?

A

Dermis

59
Q

The portion of the epidermis that projects into the dermis is termed the ___________

A

Epidermal rate ridge

60
Q

Portion of the dermis that projects into the epidermis is called the _______

A

Dermal papilla

61
Q

What is special about the meissner corpuscle and the epidermal rete ridge?

A

Increases the contact area between these two layers, preventing the epidermis from detaching from the dermis.

62
Q

What does the dermal papilla contain?

A

Loose connective tissue that includes many capillaries, free nerve endings, and encapsulated sensory receptors.

63
Q

what does thin skin cover?

A

The entire body surface except the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet

64
Q

Why does thin skin have a thin epidermis?

A

Largely because its stratum corneum is much reduced compared to that of thick skin

65
Q

What does thin skin have that thick skin doesn’t?

A

Hair follicles and their associated sebaceous glands

66
Q

What responds to vibration stimuli?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

67
Q

Where are the pacinian corpuscles found?

A

In the hypodermis of both thin and thick skin. They are found in many regions of the body but are more numerous in the tips of the fingers and toes than in other areas

68
Q

Meissner in thin skin

A

Fewer in thin skin

69
Q

____________ is a layer of loose connective tissue, which contains adipose tisssue, nerves, arteries, and veins

A

Hypodermis

70
Q

What does the hypodermis serve as for the dermis?

A

Serves as a transition layer, providing the dermis with a flexible attachment to the underlying muscles and other structures

71
Q

Found in the dermis. Sensitive to fine touch, mainly found in thick skin

A

Meissner corpuscles

72
Q

Found in the hypodermis on the border with the dermis. Sensitive to vibrations, found in both thick and thin skin but more prominent in thick skin

A

Pacinian corpuscles

73
Q

_________ has barely any stratum corneum

A

Thin skin

74
Q

The ___________ gets its name from the many small processes that seem to join neighboring cells with one another

A

Stratum spinosum

75
Q

Each cell is joined to its neighbors by ________________

A

Numerous maculae adherens (desmosomes)

76
Q

Function of stratum spinosum

A

Establishing tough, impermeable barrier layer at the surface of the skin

77
Q

Clear cells

A

Melanocytes, merkel cells, and langerhans cells. Have clear cytoplasm. No keratin

78
Q

Where are melanocytes and merkel cells found?

A

Both located in the stratum basale where they are scattered among the basal cuboidal cells

79
Q

Langerhans cells are typically found in the __________

A

Stratum spinosum

80
Q

Produce melanin granules and insert them into keratinocytes

A

Melanocytes

81
Q

Receptor cells, that established synaptic contacts with sensory nerve terminals. They have cytoplasmic granules, which contain neurotransmitters

A

Merkel cells

82
Q

Monocytes derivative, which play an important role in capturing antigens and presenting them to lymphocytes, thereby participating in the cutaneous immune response. These cells are not connected and are mobile so they can transport antigens to the lymph system

A

Langerhans cells

Bee stings, poison ivy

83
Q

Differences of thick and thin skin epidermis

A

Thick-5 layers, thick stratum corneum, thick stratum granulosum

Thin-4 layers, no stratum lucidum, single layer of or no stratum granulosum

84
Q

Which type of skin has hair follicles?

A

Thin skin, in most places

85
Q

Types of glands in thick skin

A

Lack of sebaceous glands, more eccrine sweat glands

86
Q

Glands in thin skin

A

Sebaceous glands, fewer eccrine sweat glands

87
Q

Which has more receptors, thick or thin skin?

A

Thick

88
Q

Special feature of thick skin

A

Thick epidermis; thick stratum corneum, stratum lucidum present; several cell layers stratum granulosum

89
Q

Special feature of thin skin

A

Thin epidermis; thin stratum corneum, stratum lucidum absent; one layer or no stratum granulosum

90
Q

Types of glands found in the skin

A
  1. Sebaceous
  2. Eccrine
  3. Apocine
91
Q

_________ are found in thin skin, usually associated with hair follicles

A

Sebaceous glands

92
Q

Where are the sebaceous glands more numerous in the skin of the __________

A

Scalp and face

93
Q

Sebaceous glands secretion

A

Empty their oily secretion, called sebum, into a hair follicle

94
Q

How do sebaceous glands release their products?

A

Holocene secretion

95
Q

Disintegration of entire cells

A

Holocene secretion

96
Q

________ lubricates the skin and coats and protects hair shafts from becoming brittle

A

Sebum

97
Q

Where are eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands found?

A

Thin and thick skin over most of the body

98
Q

Where are eccrine sweat glands more numerous?

A

Palms and soles of feet

99
Q

What do eccrine sweat glands produce?

A

A clear watery product called sweat

100
Q

What does sweat contain?

A

Water, ions, waste, and metabolic products

101
Q

What does sweat do?

A

Adjust body temperature as well as waiting in the excretion of metabolic wastes

102
Q

What is the difference between the structure of a province sweat glands and eccrine sweat glands?

A

Apocrine have larger lumens

103
Q

Where do the apocrine sweat glands empty into?

A

Superficial regions of the hair follicles.

104
Q

How do the secretory cells of the apocrine glands release their products

A

By shedding part of their apical cytoplasm; this is called apical secretion

105
Q

Restricted in location to some specific regions of thin skin, such as the axilla, the areola, and the perianal and genital areas

A

Sexual scent glands (aprocrine)

Have an axillary body odor after degradation by bacteria

106
Q

What are some accessory structures of the integumentary system?

A

Hair and nails

Antomy BLOCK 4 (11 decks)

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