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Antomy BLOCK 4 > Basics Of Embryology IIII > Flashcards

Basics Of Embryology IIII Flashcards

1
Q

What germ layers form during gastrulation?

A

All of them

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2
Q

What germ layer is involved in neurulation

A

Ectoderm

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3
Q

What germ layer is involved in notochord formation?

A

Mesoderm

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4
Q

What is the body plan?

A

Tube within a tube body plan (ectoderm within a endoderm tube)

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5
Q

Neurulation converts the neural plate into a hollow neural tube covered by ___________

A

Surface ectoderm

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6
Q

The neural tube differentiates into ______________

A

Brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What major regions of the brain become apparent before the 4th week?

A

Forebrain (prosencephalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

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8
Q

Neurons and glia begin to differentiate from the ____________ of the neural tube

A

Neuroepithelium

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9
Q

As neurulation occurs, ____________________ detach from the lateral lips of the neural folds and migrate to numerous locations in the body, where they differentiate to form a wide range of structures and cell types

A

Neural crest cells

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10
Q

2 types of ectoderm

A
  • neural ectoderm

- surface ectoderm

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11
Q

Neural crest cells from the mesencephalon and rhombencephalon regions also give rise to structures in the developing ____________________________

A

Pharyngeal arches of the head and neck

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12
Q

What structures form from the pharyngeal arches

A

Bones of the nose, face, middle ear, and neck

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13
Q

Mesencephalon and rhombencephalon neural crest cells form the ______________________________

A

Dermis, smooth muscle, and fat of the face and ventral neck

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14
Q

Neural crest cells arising from the caudalmost rhombencephalon contribute, along with vagal neural crest cells, to the

A

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid

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15
Q

Where do neural crest cells migrate out of?

A

The leading edge of the neural tube

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16
Q

The rhombencephalon neural crest cells also contribute to some of the ________________ ganglia

A

Cranial nerve ganglia

  • specifically neuron and all glial cells in the sensory ganglia of cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X
  • you can tell where the CN come from based on where they emerge in the head
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17
Q

Group of cells that migrate to the same area for a similar function

A

Placode

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18
Q

CN I arises from the ______________

A

Olfactory placode

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19
Q

CN II arises from the ________________

A

Optic cup (the distal end which thickens as the placode-like rudiment of the neural retina)

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20
Q

CN VIII and the vestibulocochlear ganglion arise from the __________

A

Otic placode

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21
Q

The ________________ gives rise to the cranial component of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A

Rhombencephalic neural crest cells

-specifically POST GANGLIONIC neurons

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22
Q

The entire cranial component of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is formed from ______________

A

Cranial neural crest cells

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23
Q

What germ layer comprises the pia ad arachnoid mater?

A

Ectoderm

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24
Q

What germ layer comprises the dura mater

A

Mesoderm

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25
Q

What kind of cells give rise to the pia and arachnoid mater?

A

Cranial neural crest cells

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26
Q

What does the dura mater arise from?

A

Largely or exclusively from head (paraxial) mesoderm

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27
Q

Some cranial neural crest cells invade the surface ectoderm as they migrate away from the neural tube to form ___________

A

Melanocytes of the skin of the head and neck

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28
Q

These originate from the vagal region and have 3 major contributions

A

Neural cells

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29
Q

Three major contributions of neural cells

A
  1. Outflow tract of the heart (surrounding vasculature of heart)
  2. Enteric nervous system
  3. Parafollicular cells of the thyroid
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30
Q

Vagal neural crest cells migrate into the cranial pole of the developing heart, where they contribute to the septum that forms to partition the ___________

A

Outflow tract of the heart

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31
Q

Vagal neural crest cells migrate more dismally into the gut wall mesenchyme to form neuron, constituting the __________________, that innervates all regions of the gut tube from the esophagus to the rectum

A

Enteric nervous system

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32
Q

Vagal neural crest cells migrate with those from the caudal rhombencephalon to the pharyngeal pouches, where they contribute to the __________

A

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid

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33
Q

The peripheral nervous system of the neck, trunk, and limbs includes the following 4 types of peripheral neurons:

A
  1. Peripheral sensory neurons
  2. The cell bodies of which they reside in the dorsal root ganglia
  3. Sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic peripheral motoneurons
  4. Cell bodies of which resides respectively, in the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia
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34
Q

All 4 types of peripheral neuron, plus their associated glia, are derived from _______

A

Neural crest cells

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35
Q

Shortly after somite formation, each somite reorganizes into two subdivisions:

A
  1. The epithelial dermamyotome

2. Mesenchyme sclerotome

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36
Q

Formation of the sclerotome, like ingression of cells through the primitive streak and formation of neural crest cells, is another example of ___________

A

Epithelial mesenchyme transformation

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37
Q

__________ will develop into the vertebrae

A

Sclerotomes (ventral portion)

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38
Q

Germ layer that makes up sclerotomes?

A

Mesoderm

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39
Q

What does the dorsal sclerotome form?

A

Vertebral arch

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40
Q

Two layers of the skin

A
  • epidermis

- dermis

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41
Q

Epidermis germ layer

A

Surface ectoderm (neural ectoderm)

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42
Q

Germ layer of the dermis

A

Mesoderm

Mesenchyme

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43
Q

The epidermis is formed mainly by the embryonic ____________, although it is also colonized by melanocytes which are derived from the _______________

A
  • surface ectoderm

- neural crest cells

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44
Q

Dermis of the trunk is a ___________ tissue

A

Mesodermal tissue

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45
Q

The ventral dermis is derived mainly from the _________ layer of the ___________

A
  • somatic layer

- lateral plate mesoderm

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46
Q

Dorsal dermis is derived from the __________ subdivision of the somites

A

Dermamyotome

47
Q

Dermis of the face is formed from ___________

A

Neural crest cells

48
Q

Development of bone and muscle occurs within _________ regions of the embryo after the tube within a tube body plan is established during the 4th week of gestation

A

Mesenchymal

49
Q

When does bone and muscle formation occur?

A

Week 4

50
Q

Two ways that bone formation occurs

A
  • endochondrial ossification

- intramembranous ossification

51
Q

Endochondrial ossification

A
  • cartilage forms first and bone replaces it
  • axial skeleton
  • cranial base, limbs
  • exception is part of clavicles
52
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Bone forms directly from mesenchymal cells, no cartilage

-cranial vault and most of the bones of the face

53
Q

Shortly after formation of the somatic myotome, the myotome splits into a dorsal _______ and ventral ________

A
  • epimere

- hypomere

54
Q

The epimere forms the _____________, which are innervated by the dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve

A

Epaxial muscles of the back

55
Q

The hypomere forms the _________________, which are innervated by the ventral ramus of the spinal nerve

A

Hypaxial muscles of the lateral and ventral body wall in the thorax and abdomen

56
Q

Even before neurulation begins, the primordia of the three primary brain vesicles (prosencephalon, mesenchephalon, and rhombencephalon) are visible as broadenings of the ___________

A

Neural plate

57
Q

During the 5th week, the prosencephalon divides into the __________________________

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

58
Q

What week does the prosencephalon divide into the telencephalon and diencephalon?

A

5

59
Q

The rhombencephalon divides into the _____________

A

Mesencephalon and the myelencephalon

60
Q

When does the rhombencephalon divide into the myelincephalon and the metencephalon?

A

Week 5

61
Q

Along with the mesencephalon, there are how many brain vesicles?

A

5

  • telencephalon and diencephalon (from the prosencephalon)
  • myelincephalon and metencephalon (from the rhombencephalon)
  • mesencephalon
62
Q

The extension of the neural tube caudal to the rhombomeres (small divisions of the hindbrain) constitutes the ___________

A

Spinal cord

63
Q

The nervous system of vertebrates consists of two major functional divisions:

A
  • somatic nervous system (skin and skeletal muscle)

- visceral nervous system (glands/organs/smooth muscles)

64
Q

Another name for the visceral nervous system

A

Autonomic nervous system

65
Q

When does lung development occur?

A

Beginning of week 4

66
Q

Development of the kings begins with the formation of the ventral outpouching of the ________________ called the ________________

A
  • endodermal foregut

- respiratory diverticulum

67
Q

The respiratory diverticulum grows ventrocaudally through the ___________ surrounding the foregut

A

Mesenchyme

68
Q

On days 26-28, the respiratory diverticulum undergoes a first bifurcation, splitting into right and left ____________

A

Primary bronchial (or lung) buds which are the rudiments of the two lungs and the right and let bronchi

69
Q

The proximal end (stem) of the respiratory diverticulum forms the _________

A

Trachea and larynx

70
Q

Germ layer making up larynx and trachea

A

Endoderm

71
Q

Germ layer of lungs

A

Endoderm

72
Q

The heart derives from _________

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

73
Q

When do you get first heartbeat

A

Day 21

74
Q

Why does the heart beat and continue to beat at day 21?

A

Its continual beating is required for normal heart development

75
Q

When does the heart undergo a series of events to separate the pulmonary and systemic circulation at birth

A

Between weeks 4 and 8

76
Q

When do blood vessels start to form?

A

Week 3

77
Q

What do blood vessels arise from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm of the yolk sac wall

78
Q

Vessels begin to arise in the plan Hingis mesoderm of the yolk space walls from aggregations of cells called __________

A

Hemagioblasts

79
Q

From hemagioblasts, two cell lineages arise:

A
  • primitive hematopoetic progenitor cells

- endothelial precursor cells

80
Q

Where does vasculogensis commence?

A

In the splanchnic mesoderm of embryonic disc

81
Q

Where does vasculogenesis continue later on?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

82
Q

When does the body folding to produce the gut tube happen?

A

4th week

83
Q

The endodermal gut tube created by body folding consists of a blind-ended cranial ________, and blind ended caudal ________, and a midgut open to the yolk sac through the vitelline duct

A
  • foregut
  • hindgut
  • midgut
84
Q

When is the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and proximal duodenum visibly divided

A

Week 5

85
Q

The __________ divides into the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and proximal duodenum

A

Foregut

86
Q

The ________ forms the distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, and proximal two thirds of the transverse colon

A

Midgut

87
Q

The __________ forms the distal third of the transverse colon, the descending and sigmoid colon, and the upper two thirds of the anorectal canal

A

Hindgut

88
Q

The ____________ one either side of the dorsal body wall gives rise to three successive nephric structures

A

Intermediate mesoderm

89
Q

The intermediate mesoderm, also known as the _________, forms a segmental series of epithelial buds called __________

A
  • nephrotome

- pronephroi

90
Q

Germ layer for kidney development

A

Intermediate mesoderm

91
Q

As these cranial pronephroi regress in the 4th week, a pair of elongated __________ succeeds them, developing in the thoracic and lumbar regions

A

Mesonephroi

92
Q

The ________ become the first kidney to function in the embryo, having complete, although simple, ________.

A
  • kidneys

- nephrons

93
Q

When does the reproductive system develop

A

6th week

94
Q

What gives rise to the reproductive system?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

95
Q

What is the germ layer that makes up the face

A

Ectoderm

96
Q

The skeleton of the head and pharynx is made up of the ____________

A

Neurocranium and viscerocranium

97
Q

What is the neurocranium

A

-the bones that support and protect the brain and sensory organs

98
Q

What is the viscerocranium

A

Bones of the face and the pharyngeal arches

99
Q

What are the divisions of the neurocranium

A
  1. Cranial base (bones underlying the brain)
  2. Cranial vault (bones covering the brain)
  3. Sensory capsules (bones encapsulating the sensory organs)
100
Q

Many of the skeletal structures in the head are unusual in that they are formed from __________ rather than from mesoderm, as they are in the rest of the body

A

Neural crest cells

101
Q

What is the germ layer for the occipital bone?

A

Mesoderm (everything else in head is ectoderm )

102
Q

The external and middle ears arise from the __________________

A

First and second pharyngeal arches and the intervening pharyngeal cleft, membrane, and pouch

103
Q

The inner ear develops from ___________________

A

Ectodermal otic placode

104
Q

Where does the ectodermal otic placed appear?

A

On either side of the neural tube at the level of the future caudal hindbrain

105
Q

What does the ear develop from?

A

Rhombencephalon

106
Q

Placodes for eye

A

Optic sulci

107
Q

When does the eye develop?

A

4th week

108
Q

The eyes appear early in the 4th week in the form of a pair of lateral grooves called the optic sulci, which evaginate from the forebrain neural grooves to form the _________

A

Optic vesicles

109
Q

As soon as the distal tip of the optic vesicle reaches the surface ectoderm, it invaginates, transforming the optic vesicle into a goblet-shaped _________ that is attached to forebrain by optic stalks

A

Optic cup

110
Q

The adjacent surface ectoderm next to the optic cup simultaneously thinckens to form a _________, which invaginates and pinches off to become a ___________

A
  • lens placode

- hollow lens vesicle

111
Q

The inner wall of the optic cup gives rise to the ___________

A

Neural retina

112
Q

The outer wall of the optic cup gives rise to the thin ____________

A

Melanin containing pigmented epithelium

113
Q

Week 4

A
  • neural crest cell migration
  • cranial neuropore closes
  • caudal neuropore closes

Antomy BLOCK 4 (11 decks)

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