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Antomy BLOCK 4 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

A ductless gland whose secretion is released directly into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine gland

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2
Q

What are the glands making up the endocrine system

A

Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid, pineal

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3
Q

Other organs contain cells that secrete hormones but are part of other bodily systems, what are they?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • thymus
  • pancreas
  • ovaries
  • testes
  • kidneys
  • stomach
  • liver
  • small intestine
  • skin
  • heart
  • adipose tissue
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4
Q

A gland who’s secretion is drained by ducts onto the body surface or into a body cavity; hence the label, ducted glands

A

Exocrine glands

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5
Q

Examples of exocrine glands

A
  • sebaceous glands
  • sudiferous glands
  • mammary glands

Usually drain onto the surface of the body

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6
Q

Substances produced in one part of the body and transported to another part of the body where they affect chemical actions or the secretion of other hormones. Chemical messengers

A

Hormones

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7
Q

__________ is controlled by the nervous system though nerve impulses.

A

Homeostasis

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8
Q

Nerve impulses and homeostasis

A

Impulses cause muscles to contract and glands to secrete. The secretions, usually hormones, affect virtually all systems of the body.

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9
Q

What virtually maintains homeostasis?

A

Hormones

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10
Q

The body’s natural method of maintaining its internal environment within certain a physiological limits

A

Homeostasis

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11
Q

Hormones affect only specific cells called __________

A

Target cells

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12
Q

Hormones circulate freely or _____?

A

Travel bound to special carrier proteins

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13
Q

Target cells have ______ within their cell membranes that bind (or recognize) a given hormone

A

Receptors

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14
Q

Hormones that enter the bloodstream to reach distant target cells are called _____________.

A

Circulating hormones

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15
Q

How long do circulating hormones usually remain in the blood?

A

Few minutes to a few hours

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16
Q

How are the circulating hormones eventually inactivated?

A

By the liver and excreted by the kidneys

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17
Q

What happens in patients with kidney or liver failure?

A

They have excess hormone build up

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18
Q

Hormones that do not enter the bloodstream to reach target cells are called _________

A

Local hormones

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19
Q

Local hormones acting on neighboring cells. Ex. Histamine

A

Paracrine

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20
Q

Local hormones acting on the same cell that secreted it

A

Autocrine

Ex. Interleukin-2

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21
Q

How are local hormones inactivated?

A

Quickly by enzymes in the interstitial fluid which surrounds cells

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22
Q

The effect of one hormone on a target cell requires previous or simultaneous exposure to another hormone(s) to enhance the target cell response or increase activity of another hormone.

A

Permissive effect

In order for one hormone to work, another hormone had to be there before the first one or there at the same time

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23
Q

The sum effects of two or more hormones acting together is greater or more extensive than of each hormone acting alone

A

Synergistic effect

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24
Q

The effect of one hormone on a target cell is opposed by another hormone

A

Antagonistic effect

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25
Q

The synthesis and release of most hormones are through a _______________

A

Negative feedback system

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26
Q

A _________________ is a corrective mechanism (maintaining homeostasis) that opposes a variation from normal limits thus minimizing change.

A

Negative feedback system

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27
Q

What stimulates or inhibits hormonal secretions: humoral stimuli

A

Changing levels of ions and nutrients in the bloodstream

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28
Q

What inhibits or stimulates hormonal secretions: hormonal stimuli

A

The release of other hormones

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29
Q

What stimulates or inhibits hormonal secretions: neural stimuli

A

Signals from the nervous system

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30
Q

What is the master endocrine gland?

A

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

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31
Q

How many hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?

A

7

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32
Q

________ is the major link bringing together the nervous and endocrine systems.

A

Hypothalamus

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33
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus synthesize?

A

Oxytocin
Antidieuretic hormone
Regulatory hormones

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34
Q

Together the __________ and ____________ regulate practically all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis.

A

Pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

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35
Q

Location of the hypothalamus **

A

Inferior to the two lobes of the thalamus

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36
Q

Location of the pituitary gland **

A

About 1/2” circular gland sitting in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone, Has a short stalk called the infundibulum which attaches the pituitary to the superiorly located hypothalamus

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37
Q

What connects the pituitary gland to the superior located hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum

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38
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

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39
Q

What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland called

A

The adenohypophysis

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40
Q

What is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland called

A

The neurohypophysis

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41
Q

The synthesis and release of hormones from the anterior lobe is stimulated by ________________

A

Releasing hormones (RH) from the hypothalamus

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42
Q

The synthesis and release of hormones from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is suppressed by ___________

A

Inhibiting hormones (IH) from the hypothalamus

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43
Q

What are the 5 principle cell types of the anterior lobe?

A
  • Somatotrophs
  • thyrothophs
  • gonadotrophs
  • lactotrophs
  • corticotrophs
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44
Q

How many hormones does the 5 principle cell types of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete?

A

7

45
Q

What do somatotrophs produce and what does that hormone do?

A

Human growth hormone. Stimulates general body growth and regulates aspects of metabolism

46
Q

What do thyrotrophs secrete and what does that hormone do?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone. Controls secretions and other activities of the thyroid gland

47
Q

What hormones do the gonadotrophs secrete and what do those hormones do?

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • leutinizing hormone

Together LH and FSH stimulate secretion of estrogen and progesterone, and maturation of oocytes in the ovaries and secretion of testosterone and production of sperm in the testes

48
Q

What hormones do lactotrophs produce and what does that hormone do?

A

Prolactin which initiates milk production

49
Q

What hormones do corticotrophs secrete and what do they do?

A
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • they stimulate the cortex of the adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoids.

-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) which affects skin pigment

50
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

Inhibit functions of some WBC. Antiinflammatory, used in creams for rashes

51
Q

What dictates the secretion of all of the hormones that are secreted by the pituitary gland (anterior lobe)?

A

Hypothalamus

52
Q

What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland do?

A

It does not synthesize hormones, it stores and releases 1 hormones made by the hypothalamus

53
Q

What two hormones does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland store and secrete?

A

Oxytocin (OT) and antidieureitc hormone (ADH)

54
Q

What are oxytocin and antidiuretic synthesized by?

A

The neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus

55
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Stimulates contraction of the uterus and release of milk

56
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Decrease water loss by the kidneys and stimulates arteriole constriction

57
Q

A butterfly shaped gland weighing about one ounce

A

Thyroid gland

58
Q

What are the right and left lobes of the thyroid joined together by?

A

Isthmus

59
Q

Location of the thyroid gland

A

Right and left lobes lie one either side of the trachea. The isthmus lies anterior to the trachea

60
Q

The thyroid gland consists of _________

A

Thyroid follicles

61
Q

The wall of each thyroid follicle consists of these two types of cells

A
  • follicular cells

- parafollicular cells (C cells)

62
Q

What do the follicular cells of the thyroid follicles do?

A

Secrete T3 and T4, which are THE thyroid hormones

63
Q

What do the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid follicles do?

A

Produce calcitonin

64
Q

The thyroids storage of its secretory products

A

Stores them in large quantities; enough to last 100 days

65
Q

What is the primary important of the T3 and T4 hormones?

A

Increase in BMR which is important in maintaining a normal body temperature

66
Q

What are some other functions of T3 and T4

A
  • Increase triglyceride breakdown and enhance cholesterol elimination in the bile, thus reducing blood cholesterol levels
  • increase nervous tissue growth
  • regulates (lowers) calcium ions in the blood
67
Q

Two pairs of very small, coal shaped glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. A superior gland and an inferior gland are on each thyroid gland lobe

A

Parathyroid gland

68
Q

Wha are the two types of cells that the parathyroid glands consist of?

A
  • principal/chief cells

- oxyphil cells

69
Q

Principal/chief cells

A

From the parathyroid gland

-produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) which raises the calcium levels in blood

70
Q

Oxyphil cells

A

In the parathyroid glands

-function not known

71
Q

Location of the adrenal glands (suprarenal)

A

Paired; one i located on the superior pole of each kidney

72
Q

What is each adrenal gland made up of?

A

Capsule of connective tissue, then the adrenal cortex, and the innermost adrenal medulla

73
Q

Functions of the adrenal glands

A

The cortex and medulla secrete different hormones

74
Q

What are the 3 different zones of the adrenal cortex

A
  • zone glomerulosa
  • zone fasciculata
  • zone reticularis
75
Q

What do the cells of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex do?

A

Control water and electrolyte balance

76
Q

What do the cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex do?

A

Cells increase fat and protein breakdown, synthesize glucose, provide resistance to stress, act as anti inflammatory hormones, amd in high doses, depress the immune response

77
Q

What do the cells of the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex do?

A

Produce male sex hormone in small amounts, the effect is insignificant

78
Q

The adrenal medulla consists of the __________ which secrete hormones responsible for the fight or flight response

A

Chromaffin cells

79
Q

What are the fight or flight hormones?

A

Epinephrine/ adrenaline, and norepinephrine/noradrenaline

Also called catecholamines

80
Q

Location of the pineal gland

A

Inferior to the posterior portion of the brains corpus callosum.

81
Q

What are pinealocytes

A

Secretory cells of the pineal gland that form melatonin

82
Q

An antioxidant protecting the CNS from free radical damage. Also, maintains circadian rhythms

A

Melatonin

83
Q

Location of the pancreas

A

Stretches across the posterior abdominal wall from duodenum to the spleen, posterior to the stomach

84
Q

Parts of the pancreas

A

Head, neck, body, tail

85
Q

Exocrine function of the pancreas

A

Produce digestive enzymes

86
Q

Endocrine function of the pancreas

A

Produce hormones to raise and lower blood glucose levels

87
Q

What kind of gland is hte pancreas

A

Exocrine and endocrine

88
Q

The ________ portion makes up 99% of the pancreatic cells

A

Exocrine

89
Q

Clusters of exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes which flow into the gastrointestinal tract through a network of ducts

A

Acini

90
Q

Scattered among the exocrine acini are 1-2 million clusters of endocrine tissue called ______________

A

Islets of Langerhans

91
Q

What are the 4 cells types of the islet of Langerhans?

A
  • alpha cells (A)
  • beta cells (B)
  • delta cells (D)
  • F-cells
92
Q

What do the alpha cells of the islet of langerhans do?

A

Produce the hormones glucagon which erases blood glucose levels
20%

93
Q

What do the beta cells of the islets of langerhans do?

A

Produce the hormones insulin which lowers blood glucose levels
70%

94
Q

What do the D cells of the islet of langerhans do?

A

Inhibit HGH

5%

95
Q

What do the F cells of the islets of langerhans do?

A

Inhibit gall bladder contraction

5%

96
Q

The level of blood glucose controls glucagon and insulin via __________

A

Negative feedback system

97
Q

Paired solid glands resembling unshelled almonds in size and shape

A

Ovaries

98
Q

Location of ovaries

A

One on each side of the uterus

99
Q

Function of ovaries

A
  • produce the ovum

- produce estrogen and progesterone

100
Q

Regulates development and maintainence of female sex organs and secondary characteristics

A

Estrogen

101
Q

Prepares uterus for pregnancy

A

Progesterone

102
Q

What is the ovary homologous to?

A

Testes

103
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

Scrotum/scrotal sac

104
Q

Septa from a dense fibrous capsule divide each testi into a series of internal compartment called _____

A

Lobules

105
Q

Each of he 200-300 lobules of the teste contains 1-4 tightly coiled tubules called ___________

A

Seminiferous tubules

106
Q

What is the site of sperm production?

A

Seminiferous tubules

107
Q

What hormone do the testes produce?

A

Testosterone

108
Q

Function of testosterone

A
  • normal growth, development, and function of the male reproductive organs
  • necessary for the development and maintainence of secondary sex characteristics

Antomy BLOCK 4 (11 decks)

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