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Antomy BLOCK 4 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Since blood is outside the cell, it is called ____________ fluid

A

An extracellular fluid

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2
Q

What other fluids existing outside of cells?

A

Intercellular fluid/tissue fluid/ interstitial fluid and lymph

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3
Q

Circulates within the microscopic spaces between tissue cells

A

Interstitial fluid

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4
Q

Creates the cells internal environment which must be kept within normal physiological limits

A

Interstitial fluid

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5
Q

Normal physiological limits result in

A

Homeostasis

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6
Q

How do blood and interstitial fluid exchange materials?

A
  • osmosis
  • diffusion
  • filtration
  • reabsorption
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7
Q

Functions of blood

A

Transportation
Regulation
Protection

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8
Q

Functions of blood: transportation

A

Oxygen, CO2, nutrients, waste products, hormones

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9
Q

Function of blood: regulation

A

pH, body temp, water content of cells

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10
Q

Function of blood: protection

A

Against blood loss, against foreign microbes and toxins

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11
Q

Which is more viscous, water or blood?

A

Blood

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12
Q

PH of blood

A

Slightly alkaline

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13
Q

What are the two parts of blood?

A

Blood plasma and formed elements

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14
Q

What is remained after the formed elements are removed?

A

Blood plasma

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15
Q

Formed elements

A

Cell and cell fragments of which 99% is RBC

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16
Q

Of the total volume of blood, ____ is RBC and ____ is blood plasma

A

45%

55%

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17
Q

White blood cells and platelets represent ____ of total volume of blood

A

<1%

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18
Q

What forms the buffy coat

A

White blood cells and platelets

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19
Q

What is the buffy coat

A

Thin layer between the packed RBC and blood plasma

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20
Q

Make up of blood plasma

A

91% water

8% solutes

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21
Q

What are the solutes of blood plasma

A
  • proteins
  • nutrients
  • vitamins
  • hormones
  • respiratory gases
  • electrolytes
  • waste products
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22
Q

What are formed elements

A

Erythrocytes, leukocyte, platelet

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23
Q

The process of producing formed elements

A

Hemopoieses

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24
Q

Where does hemopoiesis take place?

A

Red bone marrow after birth

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25
Q

Where is red bone marrow found?

A
  • epiphysis (end) of long bones
  • flat bones
  • vertebrae
  • pelvis
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26
Q

What kind of cells are in the red bone marrow?

A

Hemopoitic stem cells

-they differentiate into formed elements

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27
Q

Mature RBCs are biconcave discs that contain ______

A

Hemoglobin

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28
Q

What is hemoglobin made up of?

A
  • 4 chains of globin

- iron-containing red pigment heme

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29
Q

Function of hemoglobin in RBCs

A

Transport oxygen and CO2

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30
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can 1 hemoglobin molecule transport?

A

4

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31
Q

How many molecules of oxygen are in each red blood cell?

A

1 billion

250 million hemoglobin molecules X 4 oxygen molecules

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32
Q

Functionality of RBC shape

A
  • high surface to volume ratio
  • discs stake like plates (smooth flow)
  • discs bend and flex entering small capillaries (smooth flow)
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33
Q

RBCs are formed by the process called

A

Erythropoiesis

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34
Q

What is erythropoiesis stimulated by the hormone

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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35
Q

Where is erythropoietin (EPO) produced?

A

Primarily in the kidneys and a small amount in the liver

36
Q

What is the average life span of RBCs?

A

About 120 days

37
Q

Why do RBCs have such short life spans

A

Because they lack a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes, therefore no damage repair

38
Q

What happens to worn out and aged RBCs?

A

They are destroyed by phagocytosis in the liver and spleen, hemoglobin is recycled

39
Q

Condition in which oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced though decreased number of RBCs or decreased concentration of hemoglobin

A

Anemia

40
Q

Two ways anemia can occur

A
  • decreased number of RBCs

- decreased concentration of hemoglobin

41
Q

Anemia is a sign of:

A
  • hemorrhagic bleeding
  • iron deficiency
  • sickle cell
42
Q

What is the most prevalent sign of anemia

A

Iron deficiency

43
Q

Inherited genetic defect resulting in abnormal beta chain hemoglobin which is crescent shaped

A

Sickle cell

44
Q

What is a trait of sickle cell anemia

A

Hemolytic anemia. Plasma membrane is thin and ruptures easy

45
Q

Ratio of WBC and RBC

A

Ratio is 700 RBC to 1 WBC

46
Q

Structure of WBCs

A

They have nucleus and other organelles but lack hemoglobin

47
Q

How are WBCs distinguished from one another?

A

-shape of nuclei and the presence of absence of granules.

48
Q

What are the two types of WBCs?

A
  • granular/granulocytes

- agranular/agranulocytes

49
Q

Granulocytes

A

Type of WBC

  • basophils
  • neutrophils
  • esosinophils
50
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Type of WBC

  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
51
Q

Differentiating lymphocytes from other WBCs

A
  • agranulocytes
  • cytoplasm stains pale blue
  • nucleus stains deep blue-purple
  • HUGE NUCLEUS
52
Q

Differentiating monocytes from other WBCs

A
  • agranulocytes
  • cytoplasm stains pale blue grey
  • nucleus stains deep purple-blue
  • large kidney shaped nucleus
  • slightly lobed
53
Q

Differentiating neutrophils from other WBCs

A
  • poorly absorb stains
  • granules: pale purple
  • cytoplasm: pale pink
  • nucleus: deep blue-purple
  • S or C shaped nucleus
  • 3-6 lobes
54
Q

Differentiating eosinophils from other WBCs

A
  • stain red, reddish-orange with acid dye like eosin

- 2 connected lobed nucleus

55
Q

Differentiating basophils from other WBCs

A
  • stain blue-purple with basic dye
  • U-shaped or S-shaped nucleus
  • 2-5 lobes
56
Q

What is the most distinguishing feature of the neutrophil?

A

It has 3-6 lobes

57
Q

What makes up most of the WBCs?

A

Neutrophils

58
Q

What makes up the smallest amount of WBCs?

A

Basophils

59
Q

How are WBCs formed

A

Leukopoiesis

60
Q

What is leukopoiesis stimulated by?

A

Colony stimulating factors (CSF) and interleukins (IL)

61
Q

How long do lymphocytes live?

A

For years

62
Q

How long do WBCs usually live?

A

A few hours or few days

63
Q

Whit blood cell functions

A
  • defend against pathogens
  • remove toxins and wastes
  • attack abnormal cells
  • basically, fight inflammation and infection
64
Q

Functions of neutrophils and monocytes

A

Fight inflammation and infection via phagocytosis

-major police

65
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

Fight inflammation in allergic reaction, fight parasitic worms, and phagocytize

66
Q

Function of basophils

A

Fight inflammation in allergic reactions

-Hay fever

67
Q

Function of lymphocytes

A
  • T-cells attack fungi, transplanted cells, and cancer cells
  • B cells destroy bacteria
  • natural killer cells attack certain spontaneously arising tumor cells
68
Q

Platelet characteristics

A

Disc shaped, 2-4 microns in diameter, have many granules but no nucleus

69
Q

Function of platelets

A

Blood clotting process

70
Q

What influences the formation of platelets

A

Thrombopoietin

71
Q

Formation of platelets

A

Megakaryoblasts–metamegakaryocytes—-shed into 2000-3000 cytoplasm fragments aka platelets

72
Q

Life span of platelets

A

5-9 days

73
Q

What happens to old and dead platelets

A

Spleen and liver remove them

74
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stoppage of bleeding

75
Q

3 phases of hemostasis

A
  • vascular spasm (for 30 min)
  • platelet plug formation (w/i 15 seconds)
  • blood clotting/coagulation (30s after)
76
Q

Vascular spasms

A

The smooth muscle of a blood vessel wall contracts which slows blood loss

77
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

Injury to the lining of a blood vessel exposes the underlying collagen fibers. Platelets aggregate and stick to the lining, to each other, and to the fibers

78
Q

The adherence of platelets to each other and to the collagen fibers forms a _____ which stops the bleeding

A

Plug

79
Q

Blood clotting/coagulation

A
  • chemicals involved in clotting are called clotting/coagulation factors.
  • clot forms
  • network of insoluble protein fibers (fibrin) traps the formed elements of blood creating a clot
80
Q

What ultimately forms a clot

A

A network of insoluble protein fibers (fibrin) traps the formed elements of blood creating a clot

81
Q

What does normal coagulation require

A
  • vitamin K
  • clot retraction
  • fibrinolysis
82
Q

Why is vitamin K needed for coagulation

A

Needed by the liver for the synthesis of 4 clotting factors

83
Q

Clot retraction

A

The consolidation or tightening of the fiberin clot to pull the edges of the damaged vessel closer together (scab)

84
Q

Fibrinolysis

A
  • the dissolving of a clot
  • during blood clot formation, a proenzyme is incorporated into the clot which upon activation forms into fibrinolysin that can dissolve the fibrin strands
85
Q

What kind of tissue is blood?

A

Connective tissue

Antomy BLOCK 4 (11 decks)

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