Blood Flashcards
1
Q
Since blood is outside the cell, it is called ____________ fluid
A
An extracellular fluid
2
Q
What other fluids existing outside of cells?
A
Intercellular fluid/tissue fluid/ interstitial fluid and lymph
3
Q
Circulates within the microscopic spaces between tissue cells
A
Interstitial fluid
4
Q
Creates the cells internal environment which must be kept within normal physiological limits
A
Interstitial fluid
5
Q
Normal physiological limits result in
A
Homeostasis
6
Q
How do blood and interstitial fluid exchange materials?
A
- osmosis
- diffusion
- filtration
- reabsorption
7
Q
Functions of blood
A
Transportation
Regulation
Protection
8
Q
Functions of blood: transportation
A
Oxygen, CO2, nutrients, waste products, hormones
9
Q
Function of blood: regulation
A
pH, body temp, water content of cells
10
Q
Function of blood: protection
A
Against blood loss, against foreign microbes and toxins
11
Q
Which is more viscous, water or blood?
A
Blood
12
Q
PH of blood
A
Slightly alkaline
13
Q
What are the two parts of blood?
A
Blood plasma and formed elements
14
Q
What is remained after the formed elements are removed?
A
Blood plasma
15
Q
Formed elements
A
Cell and cell fragments of which 99% is RBC
16
Q
Of the total volume of blood, ____ is RBC and ____ is blood plasma
A
45%
55%
17
Q
White blood cells and platelets represent ____ of total volume of blood
A
<1%
18
Q
What forms the buffy coat
A
White blood cells and platelets
19
Q
What is the buffy coat
A
Thin layer between the packed RBC and blood plasma
20
Q
Make up of blood plasma
A
91% water
8% solutes
21
Q
What are the solutes of blood plasma
A
- proteins
- nutrients
- vitamins
- hormones
- respiratory gases
- electrolytes
- waste products
22
Q
What are formed elements
A
Erythrocytes, leukocyte, platelet
23
Q
The process of producing formed elements
A
Hemopoieses
24
Q
Where does hemopoiesis take place?
A
Red bone marrow after birth
25
Where is red bone marrow found?
- epiphysis (end) of long bones
- flat bones
- vertebrae
- pelvis
26
What kind of cells are in the red bone marrow?
Hemopoitic stem cells
| -they differentiate into formed elements
27
Mature RBCs are biconcave discs that contain ______
Hemoglobin
28
What is hemoglobin made up of?
- 4 chains of globin
| - iron-containing red pigment heme
29
Function of hemoglobin in RBCs
Transport oxygen and CO2
30
How many molecules of oxygen can 1 hemoglobin molecule transport?
4
31
How many molecules of oxygen are in each red blood cell?
1 billion
| 250 million hemoglobin molecules X 4 oxygen molecules
32
Functionality of RBC shape
- high surface to volume ratio
- discs stake like plates (smooth flow)
- discs bend and flex entering small capillaries (smooth flow)
33
RBCs are formed by the process called
Erythropoiesis
34
What is erythropoiesis stimulated by the hormone
Erythropoietin (EPO)
35
Where is erythropoietin (EPO) produced?
Primarily in the kidneys and a small amount in the liver
36
What is the average life span of RBCs?
About 120 days
37
Why do RBCs have such short life spans
Because they lack a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes, therefore no damage repair
38
What happens to worn out and aged RBCs?
They are destroyed by phagocytosis in the liver and spleen, hemoglobin is recycled
39
Condition in which oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced though decreased number of RBCs or decreased concentration of hemoglobin
Anemia
40
Two ways anemia can occur
- decreased number of RBCs
| - decreased concentration of hemoglobin
41
Anemia is a sign of:
- hemorrhagic bleeding
- iron deficiency
- sickle cell
42
What is the most prevalent sign of anemia
Iron deficiency
43
Inherited genetic defect resulting in abnormal beta chain hemoglobin which is crescent shaped
Sickle cell
44
What is a trait of sickle cell anemia
Hemolytic anemia. Plasma membrane is thin and ruptures easy
45
Ratio of WBC and RBC
Ratio is 700 RBC to 1 WBC
46
Structure of WBCs
They have nucleus and other organelles but lack hemoglobin
47
How are WBCs distinguished from one another?
-shape of nuclei and the presence of absence of granules.
48
What are the two types of WBCs?
- granular/granulocytes
| - agranular/agranulocytes
49
Granulocytes
Type of WBC
- basophils
- neutrophils
- esosinophils
50
Agranulocytes
Type of WBC
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
51
Differentiating lymphocytes from other WBCs
- agranulocytes
- cytoplasm stains pale blue
- nucleus stains deep blue-purple
- HUGE NUCLEUS
52
Differentiating monocytes from other WBCs
- agranulocytes
- cytoplasm stains pale blue grey
- nucleus stains deep purple-blue
- large kidney shaped nucleus
- slightly lobed
53
Differentiating neutrophils from other WBCs
- poorly absorb stains
- granules: pale purple
- cytoplasm: pale pink
- nucleus: deep blue-purple
- S or C shaped nucleus
- 3-6 lobes
54
Differentiating eosinophils from other WBCs
- stain red, reddish-orange with acid dye like eosin
| - 2 connected lobed nucleus
55
Differentiating basophils from other WBCs
- stain blue-purple with basic dye
- U-shaped or S-shaped nucleus
- 2-5 lobes
56
What is the most distinguishing feature of the neutrophil?
It has 3-6 lobes
57
What makes up most of the WBCs?
Neutrophils
58
What makes up the smallest amount of WBCs?
Basophils
59
How are WBCs formed
Leukopoiesis
60
What is leukopoiesis stimulated by?
Colony stimulating factors (CSF) and interleukins (IL)
61
How long do lymphocytes live?
For years
62
How long do WBCs usually live?
A few hours or few days
63
Whit blood cell functions
- defend against pathogens
- remove toxins and wastes
- attack abnormal cells
- basically, fight inflammation and infection
64
Functions of neutrophils and monocytes
Fight inflammation and infection via phagocytosis
| -major police
65
Function of eosinophils
Fight inflammation in allergic reaction, fight parasitic worms, and phagocytize
66
Function of basophils
Fight inflammation in allergic reactions
| -Hay fever
67
Function of lymphocytes
- T-cells attack fungi, transplanted cells, and cancer cells
- B cells destroy bacteria
- natural killer cells attack certain spontaneously arising tumor cells
68
Platelet characteristics
Disc shaped, 2-4 microns in diameter, have many granules but no nucleus
69
Function of platelets
Blood clotting process
70
What influences the formation of platelets
Thrombopoietin
71
Formation of platelets
Megakaryoblasts--metamegakaryocytes----shed into 2000-3000 cytoplasm fragments aka platelets
72
Life span of platelets
5-9 days
73
What happens to old and dead platelets
Spleen and liver remove them
74
Hemostasis
Stoppage of bleeding
75
3 phases of hemostasis
- vascular spasm (for 30 min)
- platelet plug formation (w/i 15 seconds)
- blood clotting/coagulation (30s after)
76
Vascular spasms
The smooth muscle of a blood vessel wall contracts which slows blood loss
77
Platelet plug formation
Injury to the lining of a blood vessel exposes the underlying collagen fibers. Platelets aggregate and stick to the lining, to each other, and to the fibers
78
The adherence of platelets to each other and to the collagen fibers forms a _____ which stops the bleeding
Plug
79
Blood clotting/coagulation
- chemicals involved in clotting are called clotting/coagulation factors.
- clot forms
- network of insoluble protein fibers (fibrin) traps the formed elements of blood creating a clot
80
What ultimately forms a clot
A network of insoluble protein fibers (fibrin) traps the formed elements of blood creating a clot
81
What does normal coagulation require
- vitamin K
- clot retraction
- fibrinolysis
82
Why is vitamin K needed for coagulation
Needed by the liver for the synthesis of 4 clotting factors
83
Clot retraction
The consolidation or tightening of the fiberin clot to pull the edges of the damaged vessel closer together (scab)
84
Fibrinolysis
- the dissolving of a clot
- during blood clot formation, a proenzyme is incorporated into the clot which upon activation forms into fibrinolysin that can dissolve the fibrin strands
85
What kind of tissue is blood?
Connective tissue
