Lymphatic System

Question 1

Lymphatic system

Answer 1

A series of vessels that clean out the body or transfer body fluids.

Question 2

Lymphatic pathways start as what?

Answer 2

Lymphatic capillaries

Question 3

Lymphatic capillaries

Answer 3

Are tiny closed ended tubes that extend into interstitial spaces

Question 4

Lymph

Answer 4

Tissue fluid inside of lymphatic capillaries

Question 5

Lymphatic vessels

Answer 5

Their walls are thinner than those of veins but are constructed with the same three layers with flaplike valves on the inside that helps prevent back flow of lymph

Question 6

Lymphatic trunks

Answer 6

Drain lymph from the body and are named for the regions they drain

Question 7

What are the two collection ducts?

Answer 7

Thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

Question 8

Where does the thoracic duct drain?

Answer 8

into the left subclavian vein

Question 9

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain?

Answer 9

Into the right subclavian vein

Question 10

What drives lymph into the lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 10

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 11

Lymphedema

Answer 11

When the lymphatic vessels or tissues are removed or disturbed. (Swelling in an arm or leg caused by a lymphatic system blockage)

Question 12

What do lymph nodes contain? 2

Answer 12

Lymphocytes and macrophages (they phagotize things)

Question 13

Lymph nodes

Answer 13

Are small filters that clean lymph as it flows through the node. They are centers of lymphocyte production. They contain lymphocytes and macrophages.

Question 14

Tonsils

Answer 14

Partially encapsulated lymph nodules. Collection of lymphatic tissue. They are a type of lymph node

Question 15

Thymus

Answer 15

A soft bi-lobed organ located behind the sternum; it shrinks in size during the lifetime (large in children; microscopic in the elderly). Contains lobules which mature into t lymphocytes. It secrets the hormone tymosin

Question 16

Lobules

Answer 16

They contain lymphocytes some of which mature into t lymphocytes

Question 17

Tymosin

Answer 17

A hormone that influences the maturation of t lymphocytes once they leave the thymus

Question 18

Spleen

Answer 18

It lies in the upper left abdominal cavity. It resembles a large lymph node excepts that it contains blood instead of lymph. Inside the spleen is white pulp (contains many lymphocytes) and red pulp (contains RBCs, macrophages, and lymphocytes)

Question 19

Pathogens

Answer 19

Disease causing antigens. They can produce infection within the body

Question 20

What are the two lines of defense against pathogens?

Answer 20

Innate (nonspecific) defenses and adaptive (specific) defenses.

Question 21

Specific defenses

Answer 21

Are carried out by lymphocytes that recognize a specific invader

Question 22

Nonspecific defenses

Answer 22

Work together to protect the body against infection (they’re not smart and can’t remember the disease that they encountered before)

Question 23

Species resistance

Answer 23

The internal environment is different in humans than animals so these pathogens (from other animals) usually can’t live. Non-specific defense

Question 24

Mechanical barriers

Answer 24

The unbroken skin and mucous membranes create mechanical barriers that prevent the entry of certain pathogens. They are the first line of defense. Non-specific defense

Question 25

Chemical barriers

Answer 25

Highly acidic and caustic environment provided by gastric juice, or lyzozyme in tears, kill many pathogens. Non-specific

Question 26

Interferons

Answer 26

Hormone- like peptides that serve as antiviral substances. (they are sent out to warn other cells that something bad is coming and that they should prepare themselves)

Question 27

Natural Killer cells (NK cells)

Answer 27

Defend the body against various viruses and cancer cells by secreting cytolytic subtances called perforins. (type of lymphocyte. They self destruct and kill your cells plus the bad ones) nonspecific

Question 28

Inflammation

Answer 28

A tissue response to a pathogen. Allows to fight infection. Dilates blood vessels and lets more blood go there. (WBC increase cause more blood is going there) and lets fibroblasts go there. Nonspecific

Question 29

Phagocytosis

Answer 29

The most active phagocytes are neutrophils and monocytes. Neutrophils engulf smaller particles and monocytes attack larger ones. Monocytes also give rise to macrophages. nonspecific

Question 30

Fever

Answer 30

Is a powerful protection against infection. It creates heat so that bacterial growth is harder. nonspecific

Question 31

Immunity

Answer 31

It refers to the response mounted by the body against specific recognized foreign molecules. Specific

Question 32

Cellular immunity

Answer 32

Cell-mediated (t cell) They attack the cell by themselves

Question 33

Humoral immunity

Answer 33

Antibody mediated (b cell). They send out antibodies to bind to antigen, render it harmless, and tag is for destruction.

Question 34

Antigens

Answer 34

Trigger an immune response.

Question 35

Lymphocytes

Answer 35

Specific immunity depends on lymphocytes. Types of lymphocytes that circulate the blood are t-cells, b-cells, and natural killer cells.

Question 36

T cells

Answer 36

Directly attack and destroy the invader. Stored in thymus

Question 37

B cells

Answer 37

They send out antibodies to bind to antigen, render it harmless, and tag is for destruction. Some b cells differentiate into memory cells. Stored in bone marrow

Question 38

How many different antibodies does the immune system produce?

Answer 38

As many as 2 million

Question 39

Antibody actions 3

Answer 39

Direct attack, activation of complement, or stimulation of changes in areas that help prevent the spread of the pathogens

Question 40

What are the four classifications of immunity

Answer 40

Naturally acquired active immunity (occurs after exposure to the antigen). Artificially acquired active immunity (Occurs through the use of vaccines). Artificially acquired passive immunity (involves the injection of gamma globulins containing antibodies and is short lived) Naturally acquired passive immunity (occurs as antibodies are passed form mother to fetus and is short-lived)

Question 41

Allergic reaction

Answer 41

Allergic reaction to allergens are excessive immune responses that may lead to tissues damage.

Question 42

Delayed reaction allergy

Answer 42

Results from repeated exposure to substances that cause inflammatory reactions in the skin

Question 43

Autoimmune disorders

Answer 43

The immune system manufactures antibodies against some of its own antigens.