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Human Anatomy 1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues (microscopic anatomy)

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2
Q

Tissue

A

Group of similar cells and cell products

arose from same region of embryo

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3
Q

What are the main difference between tissue classes?

A

Types and functions of cells. Characteristics of the matrix (extracellular material). Amount of space occupied by cells versus matrix

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4
Q

Matrix

A

In biology, matrix (plural: matrices) is the material (or tissue) in animal or plant cells, in which more specialized structures are embedded. The internal structure of connective tissues is an extracellular matrix.

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5
Q

Embryonic Tissues

A

Embryos begin as a single cell.

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6
Q

3 Primary germ layers

A

Ectoderm (outer) - forms epidermis & nervous system
Endoderm (inner) - forms mucous membrane lining GI tract & respiratory system and digestive glands
Mesoderm (middle) - forms mesenchyme that gives rise to muscle, bone, blood and other connective tissues

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7
Q

Types of tissue sections (sections bones are cut)

A

Longitudinal section-tissue cut along the longest direction of an organ
Cross section-tissue cut perpendicular to the length of an organ
Oblique section-tissue cut at an angle between a cross & longitudinal section

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8
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

First primary tissue type. One or more layers of closely adhering cells. Forms a flat sheet with the upper surface exposed to the environment or an internal body cavity. No room for blood vessels. It depends on underlying connective tissue for oxygen.

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9
Q

Vascular

A

Cells that get a lot of blood and heal easily

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10
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue 4

A
  1. Protect underlying tissues from microbes (bacteria and viruses)
  2. Protect underlying tissues from drying out.
  3. Protect from harmful environmental factors. (Sun, chemicals, etc.)
  4. Secretion of glandular chemicals and enzymes.
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11
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Contains one layer of cells. Typically allows rapid diffusion of substances (letting things go to one side or the other)

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12
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Contains more than one layer of cells. Named by the shape of the cells on the surface

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13
Q

Squamous epithelium

A

Thin flat cells.

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14
Q

Cuboidal

A

Squarish (cubed) cells.

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15
Q

Columnar

A

Taller than wide cells

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16
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

Single row of cells not all of which reach the free surface

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17
Q

Keratinized epithelium

A

Has surface layer of dead cells. Retards water loss & prevents penetration of organisms. Forms epidermal layer of skin

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18
Q

Non keratinized epithelium

A

Dose not have a surface layer of dead cells

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19
Q

Intercellular Junctions

A

All cells except blood are anchored to each other or to the matrix surrounding them by intercellular junctions. (a physical connection between cells)

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20
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Have no ducts but secrete their products (hormones) directly into bloodstream

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21
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Maintain connection to surface with a duct (epithelial tube). (Produces substance that goes through the duct and leaves the body)

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22
Q

Serous Gland

A

Produces thin watery substances

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23
Q

Mucous Gland

A

Produces mucous

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24
Q

Cytogenic glands

A

Produces whole eggs (like sperm and eggs)

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25
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Consists of epithelium, lamina propria & muscularis mucosae. Lines passageways that open to the exterior: digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive

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26
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

External body surface (skin) stratified squamous epithelium resting on layer of connective tissue. Relatively dry layer serves protective function

27
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines joints. Only connective tissues makes up this layer

28
Q

Serous membrane

A

Internal membrane. Covers organs and walls of cavities.

29
Q

Connective tissue

A

Consists of widely spaced cells separated by fibers and ground substance. Most abundant and variable tissue type

30
Q

Functions of connective tissue 9

A 
Binding of organs and structures
Support of tissues 
Movement
Physical Protection
Immune defense
Energy storage
Mineral storage
Heat production
Transport
31
Q

Cells of connective tissue 6

A

Fibroblasts-produce fibers & ground substance
Macrophages-wander through connective tissue phagocytizing foreign material & activating immune system – arise from monocytes (WBC)
Neutrophils-wander in search of bacteria
Plasma-cells synthesize antibodies – arise WBC
Mast-cells secrete heparin that inhibits clotting and histamine that dilates blood vessels
Adipocytes-or fat cells store triglycerides

32
Q

The fibers of connective tissue 3

A

Collagen fibers-called white fibers
tough, resist stretch yet flexible
tendons, ligaments & deep layer of the skin (dermis)
Reticular fibers-thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein
form framework for spleen & lymph nodes
Elastic fibers-called yellow fibers
thin branching fibers made of elastin
stretch & recoil like rubberband (elasticity)
give skin, lungs & arteries ability to stretch & recoil

33
Q

Ground substance

A

Gelatinous or rubbery material found in between cells – protects by absorbing compressive forces. Helps to determine qualities of CT as a whole. Produced by the cells

34
Q

Types of connective tissue

A 
Fibrous
-Loose CT (areolar, reticular, adipose)
-Dense CT (regular and irregular)
Cartilage (hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage)
Bone
Blood
35
Q

Types of fibrous connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue

36
Q

Areolar tissue

A

Loose arrangement of collagenous and elastic fibers, scattered cell types & abundant ground substance. Underlying all epithelia forming passageway for nerves & blood vessels; fascia between muscles

37
Q

Reticular tissue

A

Loose network of reticular fibers and cells

Forms supportive stroma (framework) for lymphatic organs. Found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus & bone marrow

38
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Large, empty-looking cells with thin margins; nucleus pressed against cell membrane. Energy storage, insulation, space filled as cushioning. Subcutaneous fat beneath skin & surrounding organs. Brown fat found in hibernating animals produces heat only no ATP

39
Q

Dense regular tissue

A

Fibers are contained in regular pattern. There is a little matrix. Tendons & ligaments hold bones together and attach muscles to bones

40
Q

Dense irregular tissue

A

Fibers are in random pattern. Densely packed collagen fibers running in random directions; scanty open space; few visible cells. Withstands stresses applied in different directions

41
Q

Cartilage

A

Supportive connective tissue with rubbery matrix. Chondroblasts produce matrix, once surrounded are called chondrocytes. No blood vessels so diffusion must bring in nutrients & remove wastes. Injured cartilage heals slowly

42
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Clear, glassy matrix; fine dispersed collagen fibers; chondrocytes in small clusters. Supports airway, eases joint movements. Over ends of bones at movable joints; sternal ends of ribs; supportive material in larynx, trachea, bronchi and fetal skeleton

43
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Provides flexible, elastic support. External ear and epiglottis

44
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Cartilage containing extensive parallel collagen fibers;

Resists compression and absorbs shock in some joints. Rubbery but fairly solid

45
Q

Two types of bone

A

Spongy bone, and compact bone

46
Q

Spongy bone

A

Looks spongy in appearance.Delicate struts of bone. Fills heads of long bones. Always covered by compact bone

47
Q

Compact bone

A

Looks solid in appearance. More complex arrangement. Cells and matrix surrounding vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones. Physical support; leverage for muscles; mineral storage

48
Q

Haversian Canal

A

Contains blood vessels in compact bone

49
Q

Blood

A
  • Variety of cells and cell fragments; some with nuclei & some without
  • Nonnucleated pale pink cells or nucleated white blood cells
  • Found in heart and blood vessels
  • Purpose of blood is to transport system and carries waist away.
50
Q

Nerve tissues

A
  • Large neurons with long cell processes surrounded by much smaller glial cells lacking dendrites and axons
  • For internal communication between cells
  • Found in brain, spinal cord, nerves & ganglia
51
Q

Neurons

A

To send signals to one part of the body to another

52
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Elongated cells that respond to stimuli by contracting

53
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Around things that you don’t have control over. Such as your lungs and eyelids. Short fusiform cells; nonstriated with only one central nucleus. Sheets of muscle in viscera; iris; hair follicles & sphincter

54
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • Long, cylindrical, unbranched cells with striations and multiple peripheral nuclei
  • Movement, facial expression, posture, breathing, speech, swallowing and excretion
  • Skeletal muscles
55
Q

Cardiac muscles

A
  • Short branched cells with striations and intercalated discs; one central nuclei per cell
  • Pumping of blood
  • Found in the heart
56
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Tissue growth through cell multiplication

57
Q

Hypertrophy

A

The enlargement of preexisting cells

muscle grow through exercise

58
Q

Neoplasia

A

The growth of a tumor (benign or malignant) through growth of abnormal tissue

59
Q

Atrophy

A

The shrinkage from loss of cell size/number

  • senile atrophy is due to aging
  • disuse atrophy from lack of use (leg in a cast)
60
Q

Necrosis

A

The pathological death of tissue

61
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

62
Q

2 ways tissues are repaired

A

Regeneration-replacement of dead or damaged cells with original cells
Fibrosis-replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue (collagen)

63
Q

How does a wound heal from a laceration

A

Damaged vessel leaks blood. Damaged cells & mast cells leak histamine (dilates blood vessels and increases blood flow). Plasma seeps into wound carrying antibodies, clotting factors & WBCs. Clot forms. Scab forms on surface. Macrophages start to clean up debris. New capillaries grow into wound. Fibroblastic phase begins in 3-4 days & lasts up to 2 weeks. Surface epithelial cells multiply & spread beneath scab. Scab falls off. Epithelium grows thicker (regenerates). Connective tissue forms only scar tissue (fibrosis). Remodeling phase may last 2 years

Human Anatomy 1 (12 decks)

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