Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What does the cardiovascular system include?

Answer 1

The heart and vessels

Question 2

What are the two types of circuits that carry the blood?

Answer 2

The pulmonary circuit, and the systemic circuit.

Question 3

How does a heart attack happen?

Answer 3

When arteries clog and the heart can’t get blood flow

Question 4

Where does the heart lie?

Answer 4

In the mediastinum under the sternum.

Question 5

Apex

Answer 5

Extends to the fifth intercostal space and the base lies beneath the second rib. It’s the pointy part of the heart

Question 6

Pericardium

Answer 6

Encloses the heart. Made of too layers. The outer is tough connective tissue surrounding a more delicate visceral pericardium (epicardium) that surrounds the heart

Question 7

What are the three distinct layers of the heart?

Answer 7

The epicardium. The myocardium. The endocardium

Question 8

Epicardium

Answer 8

It is made up of connective tissue and epithelium. It houses blood and lymph capillaries along with coronary arteries. It is the same as the visceral pericardium.

Question 9

Myocardium

Answer 9

Is the cardiac muscle and is the thickest layer of the heart wall.

Question 10

Endocardium

Answer 10

It’s smooth and is made up of connective tissue and epithelium, and is continuous with the epithelium of major vessels joining the heart.

Question 11

What are the four internal chambers of the heart

Answer 11

Two atria on top and two ventricles below.

Question 12

Atria

Answer 12

They receive blood returning to the heart and have thin walls and ear-like auricles projecting from their exterior

Question 13

Ventricles

Answer 13

Thick-muscled ventricles pump blood to the body

Question 14

Septum

Answer 14

It devide the atrium and the ventricle on each side.

Question 15

Atrioventricular valve

Answer 15

A valve to ensure on way flow of blood. There is a right and a left one.

Question 16

Chordae Tendinae

Answer 16

Attach to the cusps of the right and left a-v valves. They connect to the papillary muscles

Question 17

Vena cavae

Answer 17

The superior and inferior, bring blood from the body to the right atrium

Question 18

Which chamber has the thickest walls?

Answer 18

The left ventricle, because it must pump blood to the entire body.

Question 19

Pulmonary valve

Answer 19

It prevents return flow of blood to the ventricle

Question 20

How many pulmonary veins are there?

Answer 20

3

Question 21

Where does the left ventricle pump blood too?

Answer 21

The aortic valve, and then to the aorta

Question 22

Pulmonary trunk

Answer 22

Where blood goes into either the left or right lung

Question 23

Pulmonary veins

Answer 23

Brings the blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Question 24

Systemic circuit

Answer 24

Takes the blood to the body

Question 25

Pulmonary circuit

Answer 25

Takes the blood to the lungs

Question 26

Coronary arteries

Answer 26

Supplies oxygen and nutrients to working heart muscles

Question 27

Cardiac cycle

Answer 27

It consists of the atria beating in unison (atrial systole) followed by the contraction of both ventricles, (ventricular systole) and then the entire heart relaxes for a brief moment (diastole): rest, 1 systole and 1 diastole, rest

Question 28

What does the heart sound “lubb” mean? (the first sound)

Answer 28

It occurs as ventricles contract and a-v valves are closing

Question 29

What does the heart sound “dupp” mean? (the second sound)

Answer 29

Occurs as ventricles relax and aortic and pulmonary valves are closing

Question 30

Functional syncytium

Answer 30

A mass of merging fibers that act as a unit is called a functional syncytium. One exists in atria (the lubb) and one in the ventricles (the dubb). Fibers that connect electrically. Either one contracts or none

Question 31

Cardiac Conduction system

Answer 31

Specialized cardiac muscle tissue conducts impulses throughout the myocardium and comprises of the CCS. Wires that move the electrical system through the heart

Question 32

Sinoatrial node SA node

Answer 32

A self-exciting mass of specialized cardiac muscles. It is located on the posterior right atrium, generates the impulses for the heartbeat. Special calls that initiate contraction of the heart

Question 33

Antrioventricular node AV node

Answer 33

Impulses spread next to the atrial syncytium, it contracts, and impulses travel to the junctional fibers leading to the av node. It is located in the septum.

Question 34

Junctional fibers

Answer 34

Small, allowing the atria to contract before the impulse spreads rapidly over the ventricles.

Question 35

A-v bundles

Answer 35

Branches of these give rise to purkinje fibers leading to papillary muscles; these fibers stimulate contraction of the papillary muscles at the same time the ventricles contract

Question 36

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer 36

A recording of the electrical changes that occur during cardiac cycle

Question 37

P wave

Answer 37

It is the first wave. It corresponds to the depolarization of the atria

Question 38

QRS complex

Answer 38

It corresponds to the depolarization of ventricles and hides the repolarization of the atria

Question 39

T waves

Answer 39

It ends the ECG pattern and corresponds to ventricular repolarization

Question 40

SA node is innervated (supplies with nerves) by branches of what

Answer 40

Sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (calming down)

Question 41

Cardiac control center

Answer 41

Is in the medulla oblongata. It maintains a balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system in response to messages from baroreceptors.

Question 42

Baroreceptors

Answer 42

Aka pressure receptors. They detect changes in blood pressure.