Cellular Form and Function

Question 1

A cell

Answer 1

The simplest structural and functional unit of life. They come from preexisting cells.

Question 2

Plasma membrane

Answer 2

Defines cell boundaries. Controls interactions with other cells, passage of materials in/out of cells.

Question 3

Membrane Lipids

Answer 3

Constitute 90 to 99% of the plasma membrane (majority of the wall are phospholipids

Question 4

Membrane Protein Functions 8

Answer 4

Receptors, second messengers systems, enzymes, channel proteins, carriers, motor molecules, cell-identity markers, and cell-adhesion molecules.

Question 5

Cell identity markers

Answer 5

Enables body to identify “self” from foreign invaders

Question 6

Cell adhesion molecules

Answer 6

Adhere cells together and to extracellular materials

Question 7

Microvilli

Answer 7

Extensions of plasma membrane. Finger like projections, Protein filaments. They increase surface area for absorption, and milking actions (idk)

Question 8

Cilia

Answer 8

Hairlike projections. 50-200 on one cell in respiratory or uterine tube to move mucus.

Question 9

Cysitc Fibrosis

Answer 9

Cilia can’t beat and the mucus is too thick.

Question 10

Passive transport

Answer 10

Requires no ATP and opens pores and such. Movement of particles down their concentration gradient.

Question 11

Active transport

Answer 11

Requires ATP. (Like putting perfume smells back into a bottle). Movement of particle against their concentration gradient.

Question 12

Filtration

Answer 12

Movement of particle through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure.

Question 13

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 13

The force exerted on the membrane by water.

Question 14

Simple diffusion

Answer 14

Movement of particles at a result of their constant random motion. Things going from a high concentration to a low concentration.

Question 15

Osmosis

Answer 15

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. (The spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides)

Question 16

Osmotic pressure

Answer 16

Amount of hydrostatic pressure required to stop osmosis.

Question 17

Tonicity

Answer 17

Ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure within a cell. (worries that too much or not enough osmosis will happen and cell will die)

Question 18

Hypotonic solution

Answer 18

Has high water concentration. Cells in this solution would absorb water, swell and may burst.

Question 19

Hypertonic solution

Answer 19

Low water concentration. Cells in this solution would lose water and shrivel.

Question 20

Isotonic solution

Answer 20

Normal saline. Normal levels for osmosis

Question 21

Carrier mediated transport

Answer 21

Proteins carry colutes across cell membranes. Also, they require energy cause they’re moving into different concentration. Types of carrier mediated transport are facilitated diffusion and active transport.

Question 22

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 22

Carrier-mediated, passive transport of solute across membrane down its concentration gradient

Question 23

Active transport

Answer 23

Carrier-mediated, active transport of solute across membrane against its concentration gradient. Energy required.

Question 24

Vesicular Transport

Answer 24

Transport of large particles or fluid droplets through membrane in bubblelike vesicles of plasma membrane, uses ATP

Question 25

Exocytosis

Answer 25

vesicular transport out of cell. Eliminating or secreting material from cell or replacement of plasma membrane

Question 26

Endocytosis

Answer 26

vesicular transport into cell

Question 27

Phagocytosis

Answer 27

engulfing large particles by pseudopods

Question 28

Pinocytosis

Answer 28

Taking in fluid droplets. Cell drinking. Cell takes in droplets of ECF (extra cellular fluid). Plasma membrane dimples, then pinches off as pinocytotic vesicle in the cytoplasm

Question 29

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 29

taking in specific molecules

Question 30

The Cytoplasm

Answer 30

Everything inside the cell. Goopy stuff in cells

Question 31

Organelles

Answer 31

Surrounded by membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, lysosome, perioxisome, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi. Not surrounded by membrane, ribosome, centrosome, centriole, basal bodies.

Question 32

Cytoskeleton

Answer 32

Collection of microfilaments and microtubules. Collection of filaments and tubules that provide internal support and movement of cell

Question 33

Inclusions

Answer 33

Stored products. No unit membrane. Not an organelle.

Question 34

Nucleus

Answer 34

Largest organelle

Question 35

Nucleoplasm

Answer 35

The dense part of the nucleus.

Question 36

Endoplasmic Reticulum 2

Answer 36

Rough ER, and smooth ER

Question 37

Rough ER

Answer 37

Extensive sheets of parallel unit membranes covered with ribosomes, continuous with nuclear envelope. Function in protein synthesis and production of cell membranes. Protein synthesis

Question 38

Smooth ER

Answer 38

Lack ribosomes, continuous with rough ER, function in lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage. Lipid synthesis

Question 39

Ribosomes

Answer 39

Small dark granules of protein and RNA free in cytosol or on surface of rough ER. Interpret the genetic code and synthesize polypeptides

Question 40

Golgi Complex

Answer 40

Synthesizes CHO’s, processes proteins from RER and packages them into golgi vesicles

Question 41

Lysosomes

Answer 41

Package of enzymes in a single unit membrane, variable in shape

Question 42

Lysosomes Functions 4

Answer 42

Intracellular digestion - hydrolyze proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids and other substrates Autophagy - the digestion of worn out organelles and mitochondrion Autolysis - programmed cell death Glucose mobilization- lysosomes in liver cells break down glycogen

Question 43

Mitochondrion

Answer 43

Where we remake ATP. Power house cell. Only live a short period of time.

Question 44

Centrioles

Answer 44

Short cylindrical assembly of microtubules, arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each. Two centrioles, perpendicular to each other, lie near the nucleus in an area called the centrosome.

Question 45

Microtubules

Answer 45

Hold organelles in place and maintain cell shape