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Human Anatomy 1 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

Blood is a connective tissue. Blood transports substances throughout the body and maintains a stable internal environment. Blood includes RBC, WBC, platelets, and plasma

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2
Q

Plasma

A

A mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes. A blood hematocrit is normally 45% of the cells and 55% plasma

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3
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells. Biconcave disks that contain on-third oxygen carrying hemoglobin by volume. They discard their nuclei during development so they can’t reproduce or produce proteins.

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4
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Chemical that binds with oxygen. ( the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.)

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5
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

When oxygen combines with hemoglobin. It is bright red

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6
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

Deoxygenated blood. It is darker than regular blood

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7
Q

Blood doping

A

When you have an increased amount of RBC in your system, so you have a higher oxygen-carrying capacity.

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8
Q

Where does RBC production occur in the embryo and fetus?

A

In the yolk sac, liver, and spleen

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9
Q

After birth where does RBC production occur?

A

In the red bone marrow

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10
Q

What is the average life span of a RBC?

A

120 days

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11
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells

A

Produce red blood cells. They are in the red bone marrow and are derived from the mesoderm

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12
Q

Erythropoietin

A

The hormone released from the kidneys and liver in response to the detection of low oxygen levels.

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13
Q

What two things are needed for the reproduction of DNA and hematopoietic tissue?

A

Vitamins B12 (iron) and folic acid

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14
Q

Anemia

A

A deficiency in RBC or quantity of hemoglobin results in anemia

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15
Q

Macrophages

A

In the liver and spleen phagotize damaged RBC

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16
Q

What is the hemoglobin in the decomposed RBC converted into?

A

Heme and globin

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17
Q

What is heme decomposed into?

A

Iron, which is stored in biliverdin and bilirubin which are excreted in bile.

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18
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells. They help defend the body against disease. Formed by hemocytoblasts.

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19
Q

What are the two categories of hormones that stimulate WBC production

A

Interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSF’s)

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20
Q

What are the five type of WBC

A

(Granulocytes?), neutrophils, eosinphils, and basophils, and the (agranulocytes?) which are monocytes and lymphocytes

21
Q

Neutrophils

A

They’re WBC and they are the most common ones found in the body

22
Q

Eosinophils

A

They make up only 1-3% of circulating leukocytes. (a white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin.) Moderate allergic reactions and defend against parasitic infections.

23
Q

Basophils

A

Only make up fewer than 1% of leukocytes. They migrate to damaged tissues and release histamine to promote inflammation and heparin to inhibit blood clotting

24
Q

Monocytes

A

The largest blood cell. Have variably shaped nuclei and make up 3-9% of circulating leukocytes. (Have the ability to engulf)

25
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Long-lived. They have a large round nucleus and account for 25-33% of circulating leukocytes. (Have memory of past germs). They are also major players in specific immune reactions and some produce antibodies.

26
Q

Diapedesis

A

Leukocytes can squeeze between cells lining walls of blood vessels by diapedesis and attack bacteria and debris

27
Q

Phagocytic

A

Neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytic with monocytes engulfing the larger particles. They engulf foreign cells and break them down.

28
Q

Throbocytes

A

Blood platelets. They’re fragments of megakaryocytes, developed from hematopoietic stem cells in response to thrombopoietin.

29
Q

What do platelets do?

A

They help repair damaged blood vessels of adhering to their broken edges.

30
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

Break apart to create RBC’s throbocytes. Which are platelets.

31
Q

Blood plasma

A

A clear straw-colored fluid portion of the blood. It’s mostly water (92%) Important to homeostasis.

32
Q

What are plasma’s functions

A

Transport nutrients and gases, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintain a favorable pH.

33
Q

Plasma proteins 3

A

Albumins (help maintain osmotic pressure), globulins (designated as alpha, beta, and gamma), and fibrinogen (clotting and tissue healing).

34
Q

What are the two most important blood gases?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

35
Q

Plasma nutrients 4

A

Amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, and lipids

36
Q

Since lipids are not soluble in the water of the plasma what happens?

A

They are surrounded by protein molecules for transport through the bloodstream as lipoproteins.

37
Q

Nonprotein nitrogenous substances

A

A waist that is dissolved in the blood stream and cleared from blood by the liver. Urea and uric acid are the by-products of protein. Aka nitrogenous wastes.

38
Q

Plasma electrolytes

A

Are absorbed by the intestine or are by-products of cellular metabolism

39
Q

Homeostasis

A

Refers to the stopping of bleeding.

40
Q

What happens following the injury of a vessel? Three steps

A

Blood vessel spasm (get smaller or bigger depending on the need). Platelet plug formation. Blood coagulation.

41
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping of red blood cells following transfusion

42
Q

Antigen

A

Stimulates an immune system response

43
Q

Antibodies

A

It recognizes (attacks) antigens

44
Q

ABO blood groups

A

Type A B and O blood groups ;)

45
Q

Type A blood

A

Has A antigens on red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in the plasma

46
Q

Type B blood

A

Has B antigens on red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in the plasma

47
Q

Type AB blood

A

Has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies. It is also call universal recipient

48
Q

Type O blood

A

Has neither antigen, but both types of antibodies in the plasma. Also called universal donor

49
Q

What is the Rh blood group?

A

It was named after the rhesus monkey. If it is present on a RBC the blood is Rh positive. Otherwise it’s Rh negative.

Human Anatomy 1 (12 decks)

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