Lymphatic System Flashcards by Tipayyy Perlaaa

any substance that cause disease or damage
to the tissues of the body

pathogen

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fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries composed of water
and some solutes

lymph

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Carries fluid in one direction from tissues to circulatory system and fluid moves from blood capillaries into tissue spaces

Lymphatic Capillaries and Vessels

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 Tiny, closed-ended vessels made of simple squamous
epithelium
 Fluid moves easily into
 Present in most tissues
 Join to form lymphatic vessels

lymphatic capillaries

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 Resemble small veins
 Where lymphatic capillaries join
 One-way valves
 Compression of the lymphatic vessels causes lymph to
move forward through them

lymphatic vessels

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what are the three factors that causes the compression of the lymphatic vessels

contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle during activity
periodic contraction of smooth muscle in the lymphatic vessel wall
pressure changes in thorax during breathing

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what are the 2 location in the body that lymphatic vessels join and eventually empty into the blood

right lymphatic duct
thoracic duct

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 Resemble small veins
 Where lymphatic capillaries join
 One-way valves
 Compression of the lymphatic vessels causes lymph to
move forward through them

Lymphatic vessels

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 Rest of body empties from lymphatic vessels
 Empties into left subclavian vein

thoracic duct

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collection of lymphoid nodules associated with the pharynx

tonsils

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filters lymph

lymph nodes

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involved in lymphocytes production

thymus

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filters the blood

spleen

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Houses many lymphocytes and other defense cells
(macrophages)

lymphatic tissue

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Found within lymphatic organs as well as other organs and has very fine reticular fibers

lymphatic tissue

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Traps pathogens and other items in the fluid

lymphatic tissue

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Form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue around nasal and oral cavities. Protect against pathogens entering the mouth and nose.

tonsils

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what are the two functions od lymph noeds?

 Activate the immune system
 Remove pathogens from the lymph through
macrophages

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What are the three superficial aggregations of lymph nodes on each side of the body?

 Inguinal nodes in the groin
 Axillary nodes in the armpit
 Cervical nodes in the neck

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Rounded structures that vary in size and lymph passes through lymph nodes before entering blood

lymph nodes

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surrounds the lymph node; made of dense connective
tissue

capsule

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subdivides the lymph node into compartments (lymphatic
tissue and sinuses)

trabecula

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consist of cells that accumulate to form lymphatic
nodules

lymphatic tissue

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are spaces between the lymphatic tissue that
contain macrophages on a network of fibers

lymphatic sinuses

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rapidly dividing lymphocytes

germinal centers

lymph enters the lymph nodes through 1. _____. Lymph passes through the lymphatic 2.______ and 3.______. Eventually exits through 4.________

1. afferent vessels 2. tissue 3. sinuses 4. efferent vessels

it is the removal of spleen

splenectomy

 Size of clenched fist  Located in abdomen  Filters blood  Detect and respond to foreign substances  Destroy old red blood cells  Blood reservoir

spleen

what are the 2 specialized lymphatic tissues?

white pulp red pulp

lymphatic tissue surrounding arteries

white pulp

contains macrophages and red blood cells that connect to veins

red pulp

 Bilobed gland  Located in superior mediastinum  Site of maturation of T-cells

thymus gland

Also a site of production of large number of T-cells however most deteriorate

thymus gland

dark-staining areas containing numerous lymphocytes

cortex

lighter-staining areas with few lymphocytes

medulla

Ability to resist damage from pathogens Ex: microbes, toxins, cancer cells

immunity

what are the types of immunity?

 Innate or nonspecific  Adaptive or specific

 Present at birth  Defense against any pathogen accomplished by physical barriers, chemical mediators, cells, inflammatory response

innate immunity

 First line of defense  Skin and mucous membranes to act as barriers  Tears, saliva, urine wash away pathogens

physical barriers

promote inflammation by causing vasodilation

histamine

proteins that protect against viral infections by stimulating neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins

interferons

ingest and destroy foreign substances Ex: neutrophils and macrophages

phagocytic cells

- first cells to respond to infection but die quickly -pus- accumulation of fluid, dead neutrophils and other cells at the site of inflammation

Neutrophils

 Derived from red bone marrow  Found in skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract

Mast Cells

 Derived from red bone marrow  Leave blood and enter infected tissues

basophils

 Produced in red bone marrow  Associated with allergies and asthma

Eosinophils

 Type of lymphocyte produced in red bone marrow  Recognize classes of cells such as tumor cells or virus infected cells  Release chemicals to lysis cells

Natural Killer Cells

what are two characteristics of adaptive immunity?

specificity memory

ability to recognize a particular substance

specificity

ability to respond with increasing effectiveness to successive exposures to antigen

memory

what are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?

 Antibody- mediated immunity (B-cells)  Cell-mediated immunity (T-cells)

substance that stimulates adaptive immune response

antigen

introduced from outside the body (microorganisms, pollen, flood, drugs, etc.)

Foreign antigen

molecule produced by person’s body that stimulates immune system response

Self-antigen

proteins the body produces in response to antigen

antibody

 Mature in red bone marrow  Move to lymphatic tissue after mature  Lead to production of antibodies

B cells

 Mature in thymus gland  Move to lymphatic tissue after mature

T cells

what are the effects of antibodies?

 Inactivate antigen  Bind antigens together  Active complement cascades  Initiate release of inflammatory chemicals  Facilitate phagocytosis

 Activate macrophages  Help form B cells  Promote production of Tc

Helper T cells (TH)

Precursor to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc)

Turn off immune system response when antigen is gone

Regulatory T cells (Tr)

 Natural exposure to antigens causes production of antibodies  Can be lifelong immunity

active natural immunity

 Transfer of antibodies from other to child  Ex. Breast milk or placenta

Passive Natural Immunity

 Injection of antigens using vaccines which cause the production of antibodies  Vaccination or immunization- process of introducing killed, live, or inactivated pathogen

Active Artificial Immunity

 Injection of antibodies from another person or animal

Passive Artificially Adaptive Immunity

movement of WBC in response to a chemical stimulus

Chemotaxis

leave blood and enter tissues. Can ingest more than neutrophils and responsible for phagocytic activity in the late stages of infection

macrophages

Confided to a specific area Symptoms: redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function

Local inflammation

Generally distributed throughout the body

Systemic inflammation

- Uses B cells to produce antibodies - Effective against in body fluids (blood and lymph) - humoral mediated immunity

Antibody - mediated immunity

What are the 5 immunoglobulins?

IgG IgM IgA IgE IgD

1st exposure of B cells to antigen and B cell undergoes division and forms plasma cell and memory cells

Primary response

- Can produce antibodies - 3 - 14 days to be effective against antigen - person develop disease symptoms

Plasma cells

Occurs when the immune system is exposed to antigen that has been seen before

Secondary response

B memory cells quickly divide to form plasma cells which rapidly produce antibodies and produces new memory cells

Memory cells

- uses different types of T cells - effective against antigen inside cells and tissues - essential in viral infections

Cell - Mediated Immunity