Lymphatic System Flashcards
any substance that cause disease or damage
to the tissues of the body
pathogen
fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries composed of water
and some solutes
lymph
Carries fluid in one direction from tissues to circulatory system and fluid moves from blood capillaries into tissue spaces
Lymphatic Capillaries and Vessels
Tiny, closed-ended vessels made of simple squamous
epithelium
Fluid moves easily into
Present in most tissues
Join to form lymphatic vessels
lymphatic capillaries
Resemble small veins
Where lymphatic capillaries join
One-way valves
Compression of the lymphatic vessels causes lymph to
move forward through them
lymphatic vessels
what are the three factors that causes the compression of the lymphatic vessels
- contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle during activity
- periodic contraction of smooth muscle in the lymphatic vessel wall
- pressure changes in thorax during breathing
what are the 2 location in the body that lymphatic vessels join and eventually empty into the blood
right lymphatic duct
thoracic duct
Resemble small veins
Where lymphatic capillaries join
One-way valves
Compression of the lymphatic vessels causes lymph to
move forward through them
Lymphatic vessels
Rest of body empties from lymphatic vessels
Empties into left subclavian vein
thoracic duct
collection of lymphoid nodules associated with the pharynx
tonsils
filters lymph
lymph nodes
involved in lymphocytes production
thymus
filters the blood
spleen
Houses many lymphocytes and other defense cells
(macrophages)
lymphatic tissue
Found within lymphatic organs as well as other organs and has very fine reticular fibers
lymphatic tissue
Traps pathogens and other items in the fluid
lymphatic tissue
Form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue around nasal and oral cavities. Protect against pathogens entering the mouth and nose.
tonsils
what are the two functions od lymph noeds?
Activate the immune system
Remove pathogens from the lymph through
macrophages
What are the three superficial aggregations of lymph nodes on each side of the body?
Inguinal nodes in the groin
Axillary nodes in the armpit
Cervical nodes in the neck
Rounded structures that vary in size and lymph passes through lymph nodes before entering blood
lymph nodes
surrounds the lymph node; made of dense connective
tissue
capsule
subdivides the lymph node into compartments (lymphatic
tissue and sinuses)
trabecula
consist of cells that accumulate to form lymphatic
nodules
lymphatic tissue
are spaces between the lymphatic tissue that
contain macrophages on a network of fibers
lymphatic sinuses
rapidly dividing lymphocytes
germinal centers
lymph enters the lymph nodes through 1. _____. Lymph passes through the lymphatic 2.______ and 3.______. Eventually exits through 4.________
- afferent vessels
- tissue
- sinuses
- efferent vessels
it is the removal of spleen
splenectomy
Size of clenched fist
Located in abdomen
Filters blood
Detect and respond to foreign substances
Destroy old red blood cells
Blood reservoir
spleen
what are the 2 specialized lymphatic tissues?
white pulp
red pulp
lymphatic tissue surrounding arteries
white pulp
contains macrophages and red blood cells that connect to veins
red pulp
Bilobed gland
Located in superior mediastinum
Site of maturation of T-cells
thymus gland
Also a site of production of large number of T-cells however most deteriorate
thymus gland
dark-staining areas containing numerous lymphocytes
cortex
lighter-staining areas with few lymphocytes
medulla
Ability to resist damage from pathogens
Ex: microbes, toxins, cancer cells
immunity
what are the types of immunity?
Innate or nonspecific
Adaptive or specific
Present at birth
Defense against any pathogen accomplished by physical barriers, chemical mediators, cells, inflammatory response
innate immunity
First line of defense
Skin and mucous membranes to act as barriers
Tears, saliva, urine wash away pathogens
physical barriers
promote inflammation by causing vasodilation
histamine
proteins that protect against viral infections by
stimulating neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins
interferons
ingest and destroy foreign substances
Ex: neutrophils and macrophages
phagocytic cells
- first cells to respond to infection but die quickly
-pus- accumulation of fluid, dead neutrophils and other
cells at the site of inflammation
Neutrophils
Derived from red bone marrow
Found in skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract
Mast Cells
Derived from red bone marrow
Leave blood and enter infected tissues
basophils
Produced in red bone marrow
Associated with allergies and asthma
Eosinophils
Type of lymphocyte produced in red bone marrow
Recognize classes of cells such as tumor cells or virus
infected cells
Release chemicals to lysis cells
Natural Killer Cells
what are two characteristics of adaptive immunity?
specificity
memory
ability to recognize a particular substance
specificity
ability to respond with increasing effectiveness to successive exposures to antigen
memory
what are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?
Antibody- mediated immunity (B-cells)
Cell-mediated immunity (T-cells)
substance that stimulates adaptive immune
response
antigen
introduced from outside the
body (microorganisms, pollen, flood, drugs, etc.)
Foreign antigen
molecule produced by person’s body that stimulates immune system response
Self-antigen
proteins the body produces in response to
antigen
antibody
Mature in red bone marrow
Move to lymphatic tissue after mature
Lead to production of antibodies
B cells
Mature in thymus gland
Move to lymphatic tissue after mature
T cells
what are the effects of antibodies?
Inactivate antigen
Bind antigens together
Active complement cascades
Initiate release of inflammatory chemicals
Facilitate phagocytosis
Activate macrophages
Help form B cells
Promote production of Tc
Helper T cells (TH)
Precursor to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc)
Turn off immune system response when antigen is gone
Regulatory T cells (Tr)
Natural exposure to antigens causes production of
antibodies
Can be lifelong immunity
active natural immunity
Transfer of antibodies from other to child
Ex. Breast milk or placenta
Passive Natural Immunity
Injection of antigens using vaccines which cause the
production of antibodies
Vaccination or immunization- process of introducing
killed, live, or inactivated pathogen
Active Artificial Immunity
Injection of antibodies from another person or animal
Passive Artificially Adaptive Immunity
movement of WBC in response to a chemical stimulus
Chemotaxis
leave blood and enter tissues. Can ingest more than neutrophils and responsible for phagocytic activity in the late stages of infection
macrophages
Confided to a specific area
Symptoms: redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function
Local inflammation
Generally distributed throughout the body
Systemic inflammation
- Uses B cells to produce antibodies
- Effective against in body fluids (blood and lymph)
- humoral mediated immunity
Antibody - mediated immunity
What are the 5 immunoglobulins?
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD
1st exposure of B cells to antigen and B cell undergoes division and forms plasma cell and memory cells
Primary response
- Can produce antibodies
- 3 - 14 days to be effective against antigen
- person develop disease symptoms
Plasma cells
Occurs when the immune system is exposed to antigen that has been seen before
Secondary response
B memory cells quickly divide to form plasma cells which rapidly produce antibodies and produces new memory cells
Memory cells
- uses different types of T cells
- effective against antigen inside cells and tissues
- essential in viral infections
Cell - Mediated Immunity
