Lymphatic and Immune

Question 1

Lacteals

Answer 1

Each villus of the small intestine contains lacteals, specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream. These dietary fats are transformed in the cells of the lacteals, and then returned to the venous circulation through lymphatic vessels.

Question 2

Lymph

Answer 2

Made up of the remaining interstitial fluid that does not return to the bloodstream. Lymph collects the protein molecules created within the cells as it leaves. It also removes dead cells, debris, and pathogens from the intracellular spaces.

Question 3

Right lymphatic duct; Thoracic duct

Answer 3

The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm. It empties into the right subclavian vein.
The thoracic duct, which is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant, the left arm, the entire portion of the lower trunk, and both legs. It empties in the subclavian vein.

Question 4

Tomotherapy

Answer 4

The combination of tomography with radiation therapy to precisely target the tumor being treated.

Question 5

Brachytherapy

Answer 5

The use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into tissues to be treated

Question 6

Radical mastectomy

Answer 6

The surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues

Question 7

Lymphoma; Hodgkin’s & Non-Hodgkin’s

Answer 7

Lymphoma is a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues. This includes lymph nodes, the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.

Hodgkin’s - A cancer of the immune system distinguished by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells. The spread of these cells compromises the body’s ability to fight infection.

Non-Hodgkin’s - more common, refers to all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s.

Question 8

Carcinoma

Answer 8

A malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue.
Carcinoma in situ is a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues.

Question 9

Varicella

Answer 9

Chickenpox, a highly contagious condition caused by the herpes virus Varicella zoster. Characterized by fever and a rash consisting of hundreds of itchy, fluid-filled blisters that burst and form crusts.

Question 10

Myosarcoma

Answer 10

A malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue

Question 11

Synthetic immunoglobulins

Answer 11

Immune serum, used as a post-exposure preventive measure against certain viruses, including rabies and some types of hepatitis.

Question 12

Monoclonal antibodies

Answer 12

Any class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells. They are used to enhance a patient’s immune response to certain malignancies, including Hodgkin’s lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, and colon cancer.

Question 13

B cells

Answer 13

B lymphocytes, specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies. When a B cell is confronted with the antigen that it is coded to destroy, it transforms into a plasma cell.

Question 14

Plasma cells

Answer 14

Plasma cells develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies coded to destroy a specific antigen.

Question 15

Cytokines; Interferons; Interleukins

Answer 15

A group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells. Cytokines act as intracellular chemical signals to begin the immune response.

Interferons are produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells. They activate the immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication, and signal other cells to increase their defenses.

Interleukins play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate.

Question 16

Natural immunity; Acquired immunity

Answer 16

Natural immunity, or passive immunity, is resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease.

Acquired immunity is obtained by having had a contagious disease. Vaccination provides protection without the risk of actually having the disease.

Question 17

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 17

Staph aureus, a form of staphylococcus that often infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or food poisoning.
Staphyl/o means clusters or bunches of grapes
-cocci means spherical bacterial

Question 18

Toxoplasmosis

Answer 18

A parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces.

Question 19

Sarcoma

Answer 19

A malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including, hard, soft, and liquid connective tissues.
Hard-tissue sarcomas - bone or cartilage
Soft-tissue - muscles, fat, fibrous tissue, blood or lymphatic vessels, or other supporting tissue, including the synovial tissues that line the cavities of joints
Liquid-tissue sarcomas - blood and lymph

Question 20

Lyme disease

Answer 20

A bacterial infection transmitted to humans by the bite of a tick that has had contact with a deer infected by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.

Question 21

Rickettsia

Answer 21

A small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by a rickettsia that is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick.

Question 22

Spleen

Answer 22

A sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located below the diaphragm and posterior to the stomach.
The spleen filters the blood, forms lymphocytes and monocytes, destroys worn-out erythrocytes (hemolytic), and stores extra RBCs

Question 23

Lymphangioma

Answer 23

A benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system.

Question 24

Dendritic cells

Answer 24

Specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections. Dendritic cells perform phagocytosis and alert B and T cells.

Question 25

The Complement System

Answer 25

A group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. When needed, these cells complement the action of antibodies by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other antigens.