Human Body, Health, and Disease Flashcards
Plas/i, Plas/o, -plasia
Development, growth, formation (not resepectively)
Caud/o; Caudal
lower part of body, tail
Caudal means toward the lower part of the body. The opposite of cephalic (toward the head)
Body Planes: Midsagittal, Frontal, Transverse
The midsagittal plane, or midline, divides the body into equal right and left portions.
The frontal plane, or coronal plane, is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. It is located at right angles to the sagittal plane.
A transverse plane is a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions. A transverse plane can be at the waist or at any other level across the body.
Ventral & Dorsal
Ventral refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body. The opposite of dorsal.
Dorsal refers to the back of the organ or body. The opposite of ventral.
Ventral Cavity
The ventral cavity, which is located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis.
Divided into the following portions:
Thoracic cavity, or chest cavity, or thorax, surrounds and protects the heart and lungs.
Abdominal cavity, contains the major organs of digestion.
Pelvic cavity, the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of reproductive and excretory systems
Dorsal Cavity
The dorsal cavity, which is located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into two portions:
Cranial cavity, located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain.
Spinal cavity, located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord.
Proximal; Distal; Medial; Lateral
Situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure; Situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure; The direction toward, or nearer, the midline; The direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline.
Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen
Right and left hypochondriac regions, covered by the lower ribs; Epigastric region, central between the right and left hypochondriac regions, above the stomach; Right and left lumbar regions, below hypochondriac regions; Umbilical region, surrounds the umbilicus (belly button, or navel) below the epigastric region, between the right and left lumbar regions; Right and left iliac regions, located near the hipbones, below right and left lumbar regions; Hypogastric region, below the umbilical region.
Peritoneum
The peritoneum is a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity.
Parietal peritoneum, the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
Mesentary, a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
Visceral peritoneum, inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity.
Cytology
The study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell.
Congenital disorder
A congenital disorder is an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth.
Idiopathic disorder
An illness without a known cause.
Idiopathic means without known cause.
Communicable disease
A contagious disease, any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects.
Communicable means capable of being transmitted.
Epithelium and Endothelium
Epithelium is the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes.
Endothelium is the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body. Epithelial tissue also forms glands.
Dense CT & Loose CT
Dense connective tissues, such as bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body.
Loose connective tissue surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels.
Aplasia; Hypoplasia
Aplasia - the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue
Hypoplasia - the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
Anaplasia; Dysplasia; Hyperplasia
Anaplasia - a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other. Characteristic of tumor formation in cancers
Dysplasia - the abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
Hyperplasia - the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues
Genetic disorder
Hereditary disorder, a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene. Some are evident at birth, while others may manifest at any time in life.
Cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, Hemophilia, Huntington’s disease, Muscular dystrophy, Phenylketonuria
Dominant & Recessive genes
When a dominant gene is inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition or characteristic.
When the same recessive gene is inherited from both parents, the offspring will have that condition. If a recessive gene is inherited from only one parent, and a normal gene is inherited from the other parent, the offspring will not have the condition.
