Cardiovascular

Question 1

Plasmapheresis

Answer 1

Plasma exchange, the removal of whole blood from the body, and separation of the blood’s cellular elements.

Question 2

Hemostasis

Answer 2

Hemostasis means to stop or control bleeding.

Question 3

Restenosis

Answer 3

The condition in which an artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again.

Question 4

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Answer 4

Balloon angioplasty, a procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen.

Question 5

Thallium stress test

Answer 5

A thallium stress test is performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise by injecting a small amount of thallium into the bloodstream. If it is not taken up equally by all heart muscles, it shows a decrease in blood flow to part of the heart.

Question 6

ACE Inhibitor

Answer 6

An ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitor blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension. When this enzyme is blocked, the blood vessels are able to dilate, and this reduces blood pressure

Question 7

Digitalis

Answer 7

Digoxin, a medication that strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows the heart rate, and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues.

Question 8

Myelodysplastic syndrome

Answer 8

A type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow. Some patients later develop acute myeloid leukemia.

Question 9

Leukemia

Answer 9

A type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood.

Question 10

Pernicious anemia

Answer 10

Anemia caused a lack of the protein intrinsic factor that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the GI tract. Vitamin B12 is necessary for the formation of red blood cells.

Question 11

Sepsis

Answer 11

Septicemia, or blood poisoning, a potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream. It can result in damage to multiple organ systems.

Question 12

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 12

A condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood.
-penia means deficiency.

Question 13

Hemochromatosis

Answer 13

Iron overload disease, a genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron. The excess iron enters the bloodstream and accumulates in organs, causing damage.

Question 14

Raynaud’s disease

Answer 14

A peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress. The symptoms, which are due to constricted circulation, include pallor, cyanosis, and redness of the fingers and toes.

Question 15

Hemangioma

Answer 15

A benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels.

Question 16

Electrical waves: EKC/ECG activity

Answer 16

P wave is due to the stimulation (contraction) of the atria
QRS complex shows the stimulation of the ventricles. The atria relax as the ventricles contract.
T wave is the recovery (relaxation) of the ventricles

Question 17

Valves of the Heart

Answer 17

Tricuspid (3 cusps) - controls the opening between the atrium and the right ventricle.
Pulmonary semilunar valve - located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Mitral valve, or bicuspid valve - located between the left atrium and right ventricle. Mitral means shape like a bishop’s hat. Bicuspid means 2 cusps.
Aortic semilunar valve - located between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Question 18

Pericardium

Answer 18

Pericardial sac, the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart.

Parietal pericardium - fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart

Pericardial fluid - found between the two layers (parietal and visceral) of the pericardium. It acts as a lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats.

Visceral pericardium - the inner layer of the pericardium that also forms the outermost layer of the heart (epicardium)

Question 19

Fibrinogen & Prothrombin

Answer 19

Clotting proteins found in plasma. They have an important role in clot formation to control bleeding.

Question 20

Leukocytes

Answer 20

Neutrophils - most common, perform phagocytosis

Basophils - least common, responsible for symptoms of allergies

Eosinophils - destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions

Lymphocytes - formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. Antibody production.

Monocytes - formed in reb bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. Perform phagocytosis.