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Anatomy and Physiology II > LYMPATIC SYSTEM LECTURE > Flashcards

LYMPATIC SYSTEM LECTURE Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

the lymphatic system is a network of vessels that penetrate nearly every tissue of the body and a collection of tissues and organs that produce immune cells

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2
Q

What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?

A

the three functions of the lymphatic system are fluid recovery, immunity, and lipid absorption

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3
Q

Describe how the lymphatic system promotes fluid recovery.

A

the lymphatic system absorbs plasma proteins and excess fluid that filters from blood capillaries into the tissue spaces and returns it to the bloodstream by way of lymphatic vessels

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4
Q

How many liters of fluid do lymphatic vessels absorb a day?

A

lymphatic vessels collect ~2-4 liters of fluid per day

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5
Q

How do lymphatic vessels control the flow of blood?

A

lymphatic vessels control the flow of blood by one-way valves

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6
Q

What would happen if fluid recovery in the body did not occur?

A

if fluid recovery did not occur, the circulatory system would not have enough blood

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7
Q

What is a primary symptom of a lack of fluid recovery?

A

a primary symptom of a lack of fluid recovery is edema/ lymphedema

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8
Q

what is lymphedema?

A

lymphedema is an accumulation of fluid in a particular part of the body; most commonly the legs

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9
Q

Define elephantiasis.

A

elephantiasis is when mosquito-borne roundworms infect lymph nodes and block the flow of nymph (fluids)

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10
Q

Describe how the lymphatic system promotes lipid absorption.

A

in the small intestine, specialized lymphatic vessels absorb dietary lipids that are not absorbed in blood capillaries

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11
Q

Describe how the lymphatic system promotes immunity.

A

fluids from the capillary beds are filtered and immune cells stand ready to respond to foreign cells or chemical that are encountered

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12
Q

What happens to fluids on the way back into the blood stream?

A

on the way back to the bloodstream, fluid in lymphatic vessels pass through lymph nodes where the immune cells are waiting

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13
Q

What are dietary lipids called as they are being absorbed by lacteals?

A

dietary lipids that are being absorbed by lacteals are called chyle

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14
Q

What are specialized lymphatic vessels called?

A

specialized lymphatic vessels are called lacteals

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15
Q

Describe lymph.

A

lymph is a clear, colorless fluid similar to plasma but containing less proteins

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16
Q

Describe the purpose of endothelial cells being loosely overlapped in terms of nutrient absorption.

A

endothelial cells being loosely overlapped allow lymph fluid, small proteins, and bacteria to enter the lymphatic capillaries

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16
Q

Describe lymphatic capillaries.

A

lymphatic capillaries are closed at one end and tethered to surrounding tissue by protein filaments

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17
Q

Describe the purpose of endothelial cells being loosely overlapped in terms of collecting fluid.

A

endothelial cells being loosely overlapped create valve-like flaps that open when interstitial fluid pressure is high and close when it’s low

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18
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries not present?

A

lymphatic capillaries are absent from bones, teeth, bone marrow, and the nervous system

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19
Q

What is the pressure like in lymphatic vessels?

A

pressure in lymphatic vessels is low

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20
Q

Describe the anatomy of large lymphatic vessels.

A

large lymphatic vessels have three layers

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21
Q

What are the three anatomical layers of large lymphatic vessels?

A

the tunica interna, tunica, media, and tunica externa

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22
Q

Describe the tunica interna layer of large lymphatic vessels.

A

the tunica interna is where the endothelium and valves are located; the most inner region of the vessel

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23
Q

Describe the tunica externa layer of large lymphatic vessels.

A

the tunica externa is the thin, external layer of the lymphatic vessel

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23
Q

Describe the tunica media layer of large lymphatic vessels.

A

the tunica media is consists of elastic fibers and smooth muscle; the middle layer

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24
Q

Describe the route of lymph flow.

A

lymph flows from the lymphatic capillaries –> collecting vessels –> lymphatic trunks –> collecting ducts

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24
Q

What are the two collecting ducts?

A

the two collecting ducts are the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct

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25
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic trunks?

A

the lymphatic trunks are responsible for draining major portions of the body

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26
Q

What is the function of the right lymphatic duct?

A

the right lymphatic duct is responsible for draining lymph from the right arm, right side of the head, and thorax

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27
Q

What are the five major lymphatic trunks?

A

the five major lymphatic trunks are the paired lumbar, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, the jugular trunks, and the intestinal trunk

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28
Q

Which vein does the right lymphatic duct empty its fluid into?

A

the right lymphatic duct empties into the right subclavian vein

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29
Q

Describe the thoracic duct.

A

the thoracic duct is much larger and longer than the right lymphatic duct and begins as a sac in the abdomen

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30
Q

What is the sac in the abdomen called that initiates the thoracic duct?

A

the abdominal sac that initiates the thoracic duct is called the cisterna chyli

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31
Q

What is the function of the thoracic duct?

A

the thoracic duct is responsible for draining lymph from the diaphragm, left arm, left side of the head, neck, and thorax

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32
Q

Which vein does the thoracic duct empty into?

A

the thoracic duct empties into the left subclavian veins

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33
Q

Describe the transport of lymph.

A

the transportation of lymph is sporadic and slow

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34
Q

Describe the mechanisms of lymph flow.

A

the skeletal muscles pump and pressure changes in the thorax during breathing, artery pulsations, and rhythmic vessel smooth muscle contractions

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35
Q

What are the to types of lymphocytes?

A

“t” and “b” cells

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36
Q

Describe lymphocytes (t and b cells).

A

lymphocytes are the main defense system of the immune system and protect against antigens

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37
Q

What is an antigen?

A

an antigen is anything that triggers an immune response

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38
Q

Where do “t” lymphocytes (t cells) mature?

A

“t” lymphocytes mature in the thymus

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38
Q

What are some examples of antigens?

A

some examples of antigens are bacteria, viruses, mismatched red blood cells, cancer cells, etc.

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39
Q

Where do “b” lymphocytes (b cells) mature?

A

“b” lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow

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40
Q

What is the function of “t” lymphocytes?

A

once activated “t” lymphocytes are responsible for managing an immune response by attacking and destroying an infected cell

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41
Q

What is the function of “b” lymphocytes?

A

“b” lymphocytes are responsible for producing plasma cells that secrete antibodies in blood or other fluids which mark antigens for destruction

42
Q

What are the three antigen-presenting cells?

A

the three antigen-presenting cells are macrophages, dendritic cells, and reticular cells

43
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

dendritic cells are responsible for capturing antigens and bringing them to the back to the lymph nodes

43
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

macrophages are responsible for phagocytizing foreign substances and activating “t” cells

44
Q

What is the function of reticular cells?

A

reticular cells are responsible for producing and fiber called stroma

45
Q

Define stroma.

A

stroma is a network that supports the other cell types in lymphoid organs and tissues

46
Q

Where are superficial lymph nodes located?

A

superficial lymph nodes are located in the cervical, inguinal (groin), and axillary regions of the body

47
Q

Where are deep lymph nodes located?

A

Deep lymph nodes are located in the thoracic, pelvic, and abdominal regions of the body

48
Q

Describe the structure of lymph nodes.

A

Lymph nodes are typically bean shaped and less than one inch long

49
Q

What are the connective tissue strands that form lymph node compartments called?

A

connective tissue strands that form lymph node compartments are called trabeculae

49
Q

Describe the function of a dense fibrous capsule.

A

a dense fibrous capsule surrounds nodes from which connective tissue strands extend inward and divide the lymph node into compartments

50
Q

Define the cortex.

A

the cortex is the most outer region of a lymph node

50
Q

Describe the superficial cortex.

A

the superficial cortex is made up of densely packed follicles

51
Q

What do the densely packed follicles of the superficial cortex contain?

A

the densely packed follicles of the superficial cortex contain “b” cells

52
Q

Describe the deeper cortex.

A

the deeper cortex houses “t” cells in transit between blood, lymph nodes, and lymph

53
Q

Define the medulla.

A

the medulla is the inner/ middle region of the lymph node

54
Q

What are medullary cords?

A

medullary cords are thin inward extensions that contain both types of lymphocytes

55
Q

Where can lymphatic sinuses be found?

A

lymphatic sinuses can be found throughout the cortex

56
Q

Define lymphatic sinuses.

A

lymphatic sinuses are the medulla of the node containing numerous macrophages attached to reticular fibers

56
Q

Describe the flow of lymph system of nodes.

A

the lymph nodes receives lymph from several afferent lymphatic vessels that lead into the cortex and medulla sinuses while cleansed lymph leaves the node through efferent lymphatic vessels

57
Q

What does the term “afferent” mean in reference to lymph flow?

A

the term “afferent” refers to lymphatic vessels that lead to the lymph node

58
Q

What does the term “efferent” mean in reference to lymph flow?

A

the term “efferent” refers to lymphatic vessels that carry lymph away from the lymph node

58
Q

How many efferent lymphatic vessels does cleansed lymph leave through?

A

cleansed lymph leaves through 1 to 3 lymphatic vessels

59
Q

What is the only organ that filters lymph?

A

lymph nodes are the only organs that filter lymph

60
Q

How do lymph nodes filter lymph?

A

lymph nodes contain macrophages (lymphocytes) that remove/ destroy microorganisms and debri

60
Q

Describe how the filtration process of the lymph nodes can activate an immune response.

A

lymphocytes (white blood cells) attack foreign antigens and alert immune system of an invasion

60
Q

Define this clinical condition: lymphadenitis

A

lymphadenitis is a swollen and painful node that is responding to a foreign invader (antigen)

61
Q

Describe what happens in an individual with metastatic cancer sites.

A

in someone with metastatic cancer sites, cancer cells can break loose and enter the lymphatic capillaries to become lodged in the lymphatic nodes

61
Q

What is the result of a metastatic cancer site?

A

the result of a metastatic cancer site is a firm, but swollen node; usually painless

62
Q

What is the function of tonsils?

A

tonsils are responsible for guarding entrance to the pharynx against inhaled/ ingested pathogens

63
Q

Describe the tonsils and their accompanying structures.

A

each tonsil is covered by an epithelium and has deep pits lined by lymphatic nodules

64
Q

What are the deep pits of the tonsils called?

A

the pits of the tonsils are called tonsillar crypts

65
Q

What do pathogens encounter when they enter the tonsillar crypts?

A

pathogens that enter the tonsillar crypts are met with lymphocytes (white blood cells)

66
Q

Where are lingual tonsils loacted?

A

lingual tonsils are located on both sides of the tongue; numerous

67
Q

Where are tubal tonsils located?

A

tubal tonsils surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx

68
Q

Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?

A

the pharyngeal tonsil is located on the wall of the pharynx just behind the nasal cavity; only one

69
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A

the palatine tonsils are located at the posterior margin of the oral cavity

70
Q

Which tonsil is the largest and most often infected?

A

the palatine tonsil is the largest and most often infected tonsil

71
Q

What is another name for the pharyngeal tonsil?

A

another name for the pharyngeal tonsil is the “adenoid” tonsil

72
Q

Define a tonsillectomy.

A

a tonsillectomy is the surgical removal of the tonsils

73
Q

Where is the thymus loacted?

A

the thymus is located between the sternum and aortic arch

74
Q

The thymus is a part of which system(s)?

A

the thymus is a part of both the endocrine and lymphatic system

75
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

the thymus is responsible for housing developing “t” lymphocytes and secreting hormones that regulate their later activity

76
Q

Describe the development of “t” lymphocytes.

A

during development “t” lymphocytes are protected from foreign antigens until they are mature and enter the blood or lymphatic vessels

77
Q

which barrier protects developing “t” cells from foreign antigens?

A

the blood-thymus barrier protects developing “t” cells from foreign antigens

78
Q

What is the function hormone secretions from the thymus?

A

the thymus’ hormone secretions promote the development and action of “t” cells

79
Q

What are the three hormones that the thymus secretes?

A

the thymus secretes thymosin, thymulin, and thymopoietin

80
Q

Describe the size of the thymus relative to the age of the individual.

A

the thymus is very large in the fetus and grows slightly after childhood; after 14 years old it decreases in size until it become very small in adulthood

81
Q

What happens if the thymus is removed prematurely?

A

if the thymus is removed prematurely the individual would never develop immunity

82
Q

Describe both the anatomy and anatomical positioning of the spleen.

A

the spleen is the size of a fist and is located inferior to diaphragm on the left side of the heart

83
Q

What is the largest lymphatic organ in the body?

A

the largest lymphatic organ is the spleen

84
Q

What is a hilum?

A

a hilum is a place where blood vessels enter/ exit an organ

85
Q

Describe how blood is supplied to the spleen.

A

blood is supplied to the spleen by the large splenic artery/ vein that enter/ exit through the hilum

86
Q

What are the two major anatomical sections of the spleen?

A

the two major anatomical sections of the spleen are the red pulp and white pulp

87
Q

Describe the red pulp of the spleen.

A

the red pulp of the spleen is made up of sinuses gorged with red blood cells

88
Q

What is the function of the red pulp?

A

the red pulp is responsible for producing erythrocytes in the fetus and adults with anemia; it is also where erythrocytes are disposed of

89
Q

How are old red blood cells disposed of within the spleen?

A

old erythrocytes are engulfed by macrophages which are also located in the spleen

90
Q

Describe the anatomy of the white pulp in the spleen.

A

white pulp is made up of lymphocytes and macrophages suspended on reticular fibers along small branches of the splenic artery

91
Q

What is the function of the white pulp of the spleen?

A

the white pulp filters blood for foreign antigens similarly to how lymph nodes filter lymph

92
Q

What does the acronym MALT stand for?

A

“malt” stands for mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

93
Q

What is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (malt)?

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is a set of distributed lymphoid tissues that are strategically located in mucous membranes throughout the body

94
Q

Where are the largest quantities of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue located?

A

the largest quantities of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue are located in the tonsils, peyers patches, and appendix

95
Q

What are peyers patches?

A

peyers patches are large clusters of lymphoid follicles that are similar to tonsils

96
Q

Where are peyers patches found?

A

peyers patches are found in the wall of the distal portion in the small intestine

97
Q

What is the appendix?

A

the appendix is a tubular offshoot of the first part of the large intestine that contains a high concentration of lymphoid follicles

98
Q

What is the function of the appendix?

A

the appendix prevents bacteria and other pathogens commonly found in the large intestine from entering the very vascular small intestine

99
Q

Where can smaller collections of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue be found?

A

smaller collections of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue are found in the mucosa of the respiratory system and genitourinary tract organs and the digestive tract

Anatomy and Physiology II (24 decks)

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