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Anatomy and Physiology II > DIGESTIVE SYSTEM LECTURE > Flashcards

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM LECTURE Flashcards

1
Q

List the different terms for the digestive tract.

A

the digestive tract is also known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract

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2
Q

Approximately how long is the digestive tract?

A

the digestive tract is approximately 30ft

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3
Q

What are the main organs of the digestive system?

A

the main organs of the digestive tract are the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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4
Q

List the accessory organs of the digestive system.

A

the accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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5
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A

the digestive system functions to process and absorb food while also eliminating waste

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6
Q

How many steps are in the major digestion process?

A

the are six steps in the major digestion process

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7
Q

List the first three steps of the major digestion process.

A

the first three steps are ingestion, propulsion, and mechanical breakdown

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8
Q

What are the last three steps of the major digestion process?

A

the last three steps of the major digestion process are digestion, absorption, and defecation

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9
Q

Describe the ingestion stage of the digestion process.

A

the ingestion stage is when food/ liquids are consumed

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10
Q

Describe the propulsion stage of the digestion process.

A

the propulsion stage is moved along by swallowing and peristalsis

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11
Q

Describe the mechanical stage of the digestion process.

A

the mechanical stage is when food is physically being broken down

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12
Q

Describe the digestion stage of the digestion process.

A

the digestion stage is when chemicals/ enzymes break down food into its smallest forms

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13
Q

Describe the absorption stage of the digestion process.

A

the absorption is when nutrients from food are absorbed into blood/ lymph

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14
Q

Describe the defecation stage of the digestion process.

A

the defecation stage is when waste products are eliminated via feces

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15
Q

What mechanisms control the digestive tract?

A

the digestive tract is controlled via the neural and hormonal mechanisms

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16
Q

Define peristaltic contractions.

A

peristaltic contractions are wave-like contractions that propel the food bolus down the digestive tract

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17
Q

Define peritoneum.

A

the peritoneum are slippery serous membranes found in the abdominopelvic cavity

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18
Q

Describe the visceral peritoneum.

A

the visceral peritoneum covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs

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19
Q

Describe the parietal peritoneum.

A

the parietal peritoneum lines the body wall

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20
Q

Describe the peritoneal cavity.

A

the peritoneal cavity is a slit-like space found between the two peritoneums

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21
Q

Which peritoneum layer contains the peritoneal fluid?

A

the parietal peritoneum contains peritoneal fluid

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22
Q

What is the function of the peritoneal fluid?

A

the peritoneal fluid functions to reduce friction in the abdominal cavity

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23
Q

Parietal fluid is secreted by what?

A

parietal fluid is secreted by the serous membrane

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24
Q

Describe the mesentery layer.

A

the mesentery layer is a double-layered peritoneum that extends to digestive organs

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25
Q

What is the function of the mesentery layer?

A

the mesentery layer function to provide blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves; also holds organs in place and stores fat

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26
Q

What are the four primary tunics of the alimentary canal?

A

the four primary tunics are the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

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27
Q

Describe the mucosal layer of the alimentary canal.

A

the mucosa is mucous membrane and is the innermost layer; moist epithelial that lines the walls

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28
Q

Describe the submucosa layer of the alimentary canal.

A

the submucosa is external to the mucosa and contains elastic fibers, blood/ lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves

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29
Q

Describe the muscularis externa layer of the alimentary canal.

A

the mucularis externa is external to the submucosa and contains round and smooth muscle

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30
Q

Describe the functions of the muscularis externa.

A

the muscularis externa is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis

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31
Q

Describe the serosa layer of the alimentary canal.

A

the serosa layer of the alimentary canal is the outermost layer and is the protective visceral peritoneum

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32
Q

Describe the characteristics of splanchnic circulation.

A

splanchnic circulation contains arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta

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33
Q

What is the function of the arteries in the splanchnic circulation?

A

the arteries in the splanchnic circulation nourish the digestive organs and hepatic portal circulation

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34
Q

What is the function of the cephalic trunk?

A

the cephalic trunk functions to supply blood to the spleen, liver, and stomach

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35
Q

What is the function of the mesenteric arteries?

A

the mesenteric arteries function to supply blood to the small and large intestines

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36
Q

Describe the functions of the enteric nervous system.

A

the enteric nervous system are neurons functioning to regulate digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow

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37
Q

What are the functions of the mouth?

A

the mouth functions to promote ingestion, mechanical/ chemical digestion, and deglutition

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38
Q

Describe the tongue.

A

the tongue is a muscular organ that contains taste buds

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39
Q

What is another term for taste buds?

A

taste buds are also known as lingual papillae

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40
Q

What are the functions of the tongue?

A

the tongue functions to grip and reposition food, mix saliva with food, and initiate swallowing

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41
Q

The mixing of saliva with form forms a process known as what?

A

the mixing of saliva with food is a form of chemical digestion

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42
Q

Define bolus.

A

bolus is the end result of food that has been chewed and combined with saliva.

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43
Q

What are the functions of the oral palates?

A

the palates function separate the oral cavity from the nasal cavity and allows breathing while eating

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44
Q

The oral palate is separated into what two parts?

A

the palate is separated into the hard palate and the soft palate

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45
Q

At posterior portion of the soft palate dangles what?

A

at the posterior end of the soft palate is the uvula

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46
Q

Which teeth are responsible for cutting?

A

incisors are responsible for cutting

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47
Q

Which teeth are responsible for tearing/ piercing?

A

canines are responsible for tearing/ piercing

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48
Q

Which teeth are responsible for grinding/ crushing?

A

premolars/ molars are responsible for grinding/ crushing

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49
Q

At what age do deciduous teeth form?

A

deciduous teeth form between the ages of 6-30 months old

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50
Q

At what age do permanent teeth form?

A

permanent teeth form between the ages of 6-25 years old

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51
Q

At what ages do wisdom teeth form?

A

wisdom teeth form between the ages of 17-25 years old

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52
Q

What are the two major regions of teeth?

A

the two major regions of teeth are the crown and the root

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53
Q

Describe the crown portion of the teeth.

A

the crown portion of the teeth is the exposed enamel covered portion

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54
Q

Describe the root portion of the tooth.

A

the root portion of the tooth is the portion that is embedded in the jaw

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55
Q

What percentage of saliva is water?

A

saliva is 97-99% water

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56
Q

What is the normal pH range of saliva?

A

saliva is normally between a pH of 6.8-70

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57
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A

saliva functions to:
- moisten the mouth
- digest some starch
- cleanse the teeth
- inhibit bacterial growth
- dissolve molecules
- and moisten food

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58
Q

What are two enzymes in the oral cavity that aid in digestion?

A

salivary amylase and lingual lipase are enzymes in the oral cavity that aid in digestion

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59
Q

What is the function of salivary amylase?

A

salivary amylase functions to begin carbohydrate digestion before it is swallowed

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60
Q

What is the function of lingual lipase?

A

lingual lipase is an enzyme that digests fats/ lipids after is has been swallowed

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61
Q

Where is salivary amylase activated?

A

salivary amylase is activated in the mouth

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62
Q

Where is lingual lipase activated?

A

lingual lipase is activated in the stomach

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63
Q

What is the function of mucus?

A

mucus functions to bind and lubricate food creating bolus and aids in swallowing

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64
Q

Describe the function of a lysosome.

A

lysosomes function to kill bacteria

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65
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

a lysosome is an immunoglobin A (IgA) antibody that inhibits bacterial growth

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66
Q

What are a few electrolyte/ metabolic waste products?

A

some examples of electrolyte and metabolic waste products are NA+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-, urea, and uric acid

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67
Q

What are the two types of salivary glands?

A

the two types of salivary glands are the intrinsic (minor) and extrinsic (major) types

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68
Q

What are the functions of the intrinsic (minor) salivary glands?

A

the intrinsic salivary glands function to secrete small amounts of saliva at a constant rate

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69
Q

Where are intrinsic (minor) salivary glands located?

A

intrinsic salivary glands are located inside if the oral tissue

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70
Q

Where are extrinsic (major) salivary glands located?

A

extrinsic salivary glands are located outside of the oral mucosa

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71
Q

What is the function of extrinsic (major) salivary glands?

A

extrinsic salivary glands function to secrete large amount of saliva when stimulated by food

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72
Q

How do extrinsic salivary glands communicate with the oral cavity?

A

extrinsic salivary glands communicate with the oral cavity via ducts

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73
Q

What is a clinical condition that occurs in the extrinsic salivary glands?

A

mumps is a clinical condition that occurs in the extrinsic salivary glands

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74
Q

List a few types of extrinsic (major) salivary glands.

A

a few types of extrinsic salivary glands are the parotid glands, submandibular gland, and sublingual gland

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75
Q

List the first two steps of salivation.

A

food stimulates the tactile, pressure and taste receptors in the mouth and sends signals to the salivary nuclei in the brainstem

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76
Q

What are the last three steps of salivation?

A

salivary nuclei in the brainstem are activated and then activate motor neurons which stimulate salivary glands and initiates the production of saliva

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77
Q

What is the function of pharynx?

A

the pharynx functions to push food down the digestive tract

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78
Q

How long is the average esophagus?

A

the esophagus is ~10 inches long

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79
Q

Describe the function of the esophagus.

A

the esophagus functions to pass food down the mediastinum; penetrating the diaphragm and meeting the stomach

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80
Q

What is the contact between the esophagus and the diaphragm called?

A

the contact between the diaphragm and the esophagus is called the esophageal hiatus

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81
Q

What is the contact between the esophagus and the stomach called?

A

the contact between the esophagus and the stomach is called the cardiac orifice

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82
Q

The cardiac orifice contains what?

A

the cardiac orifice contains the gastroesophageal and cardiac sphincter

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83
Q

Describe this clinical condition: heartburn/ acid reflux.

A

heartburn is when stomach contents move backwards/ upwards through the sphincter muscle of the cardiac orifice

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84
Q

What is the first symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

A

the first symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease is heartburn

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85
Q

Define peristalsis.

A

peristalsis is a wave of muscular contraction triggered by stretching in upper esophagus

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86
Q

What is the function of peristalsis?

A

peristalsis functions to push bolus ahead of it and down the digestive tract

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87
Q

How long does is take liquids to reach the stomach?

A

it takes liquids ~1-2 seconds to reach the stomach

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87
Q

What is the role of gravity in digestion?

A

gravity assists digestion when sitting upright however peristalsis moves food down the digestive tract regardless of anatomical position

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87
Q

How long does it take for food to reach the stomach?

A

it takes food ~4-8 seconds to reach the stomach

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88
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

the stomach functions to store, break down/ liquefy food, and begin the chemical digestion of proteins and smalls amounts of fat

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88
Q

Define rugae.

A

rugae are the ridges in the stomach that flatten when the stomach is filled to allow expansion to occur

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88
Q

Describe the anatomical position of the stomach.

A

the stomach is a j-shaped muscular sac that is located in the upper-left abdominal cavity below the diaphragm

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89
Q

What is the internal volume of the stomach when empty?

A

when empty, the internal volume of the stomach is 50ml

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89
Q

What is the internal volume of the stomach after a normal meal?

A

the internal volume of the stomach after a normal meal is 1.0-1.5L

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90
Q

Define chyme?

A

chyme is a soupy mixture of semi-digested food

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90
Q

What is the internal volume of the stomach after a large meal?

A

after a large meal, the internal volume of the stomach is 4L

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90
Q

Where does chyme go after it is finishing being processed in the stomach?

A

chyme enters the small intestine after it has been processed in the stomach

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91
Q

How many regions of the stomach are there?

A

there are four regions of the stomach

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92
Q

What is another term for the body of the stomach?

A

the body of the stomach is also known as the corpus

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92
Q

What are the four regions of the stomach?

A

the four regions of the stomach are the cardiac, fundic, body, and pyloric regions

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93
Q

Describe the fundus region of the stomach.

A

the fundus region is the thin muscle layer (fundus) is located

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94
Q

What is the function of the angular incisura?

A

the angular incisura functions to separate the stomach into right/ left portions

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94
Q

Describe the pyloric region of the stomach.

A

the pyloric region of the stomach is a thick muscular layer that contains the pyloric sphincter

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95
Q

What is the function of the greater/ lesser omentums?

A

the greater/lesser omentums are mesenteries that tether the stomach to other digestive organs and body wall

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96
Q

Describe the system of blood supply to the stomach.

A

blood to the stomach is supplied and drained into the hepatic portal circulation and is filtered through the liver

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96
Q

True or False: the stomach only receives sympathetic nerve fibers.

A

false; the stomach receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibers

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97
Q

What are the three glands that the stomach wall contains?

A

the stomach walls contains the cardiac, pyloric, and gastric glands

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97
Q

What are the functions of the three glands located in to stomach walls?

A

the glands located in the stomach wall function to secrete mucus, acid and enzymes, and hormones

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98
Q

How many liters of gastric juice do gastric glands secrete per day?

A

gastric glands secrete 2-3L of gastric juice per day

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99
Q

What are the main components of gastric juice?

A

the main components of gastric juice are water, hydrochloric acid, and pepsin

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100
Q

Describe hydrochloric acid (HCl).

A

hydrochloric acid is a component of gastric juice that has a pH as low as 0.8; very acidic

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101
Q

Which cells of the stomach contain gastric glands?

A

parietal cells contain gastric glands

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102
Q

List the functions of stomach acid.

A

stomach acid functions to:
- activate pepsin and lingual lipase
- brake up connective tissues and plant cell walls
- convert iron into an absorbable form
- destroy digested bacteria/ pathogens

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103
Q

What is the function of pepsin?

A

pepsin is an enzyme that digests dietary proteins to shorten peptide chains

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104
Q

Hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen to what?

A

hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen to pepsin

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104
Q

What is the function of chief cells?

A

chief cells function to secrete pepsinogen

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105
Q

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells?

A

enteroendocrine cells release a variety of chemicals

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106
Q

What are examples of the chemicals that enteroendocrine cells release?

A

some examples are histamine, serotonin, and gastrin

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107
Q

Describe the process of gastric motility.

A

gastric motility is when the stomach exhibits and rhythm and peristaltic contractions

107
Q

How often do peristaltic contractions occur?

A

peristaltic contractions occur every 20 seconds

108
Q

Where do peristaltic contractions initially occur?

A

peristaltic contractions initially occur in the fundus and grow stronger toward the pyloric region

108
Q

How is the peristaltic contraction pace set?

A

peristaltic contraction rate is set by enteric pacemaker cells

109
Q

Where are the pacemaker cells for peristaltic contractions located?

A

pacemaker cells for peristaltic contractions are locate between smooth muscle layers

109
Q

What is the function of stomach contractions?

A

stomach contractions churn food and mix it with gastric juice; promotes physical/ chemical digestion

110
Q

How do stomach contractions affect chyme?

A

each contraction forces a small amount of chyme into the duodenum

111
Q

Approximately how much chyme is forced into the duodenum per stomach contraction?

A

~3L is forced into the duodenum per muscle contraction

111
Q

How long does it take the stomach to empty after a regular meal?

A

it takes the stomach ~4 hours to empty

112
Q

How long does it take the stomach to enter after a high fat meal?

A

it takes the stomach ~6 or more hours to empty after a high fat meal

113
Q

What are some causes of vomiting?

A

some causes of vomiting are stomach stretching excessively, psychological stimuli, and/ or chemical irritants

113
Q

Where is the emetic center located?

A

the emetic center is located in the medulla oblongata

114
Q

What is the function of the emetic center?

A

the emetic center functions to stimulate the lower esophageal sphincter and cause it to relax while also stimulating the diaphragm and abdominals to contractq

115
Q

How much digestion/ absorption takes place in the stomach?

A

very little digestion takes place in the stomach and no nutrient absorption

116
Q

Which enzymes in the stomach are responsible for partial digestion?

A

enzymes such as salivary and gastric enzymes in the stomach

117
Q

What are some of the contents that salivary and gastric enzymes of the stomach partially digest?

A

some nutrients that are partially digested by gastric/ salivary enzymes are proteins, fats, and some starches

118
Q

Intrinsic factor is secreted by what?

A

intrinsic factor is secreted by the stomach

119
Q

What is the function of intrinsic factor?

A

intrinsic factor functions to absorb vitamin B12

120
Q

Describe the mucous coating of the stomach.

A

the mucous coating of the stomach is a thick, alkaline mucus that is rich in bicarbonate

121
Q

What is the function of the mucosal layer of the stomach?

A

the mucosal layer of the stomach functions to protect the walls of the stomach from gastric juice

122
Q

Define this clinical condition: gastritis

A

gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach

123
Q

What are some of the results of gastritis?

A

gastritis may result in a peptic (gastric) ulcer

124
Q

What does current research suggest about the cause of peptic (gastric) ulcers?

A

current research indicates that peptic ulcers may be caused by acid-resistant bacteria that burrow within the mucosal layer

125
Q

What is the name of the acid-resistant bacteria that burrows within the mucosal layer of the stomach?

A

helicobacter pylori are acid-resistant bacteria that burrow within the mucosal layer of the stomach

125
Q

What are the functions of tight junctions within the stomach?

A

tight junctions function to join epithelial cells of mucosa and prevent gastric juice from leaking into deep tissue layers

126
Q

Describe what occurs with epithelial cell replacements.

A

stem cells that reside where the gastric pit join the gastric gland are replaced

127
Q

How long do stem cells in the stomach live for?

A

stem cells live 3-6 days in the stomach before they are replaced

128
Q

True or False: only neural controls stimulate gastric juice secretion.

A

False; neural and hormonal cells stimulate gastric juice secretion

129
Q

What controls the cephalic phase of gastric juice secretion?

A

vagus nerve excitation controls the cephalic phase

130
Q

the cephalic phase of gastric juice secretion is controlled by which nervous system?

A

the cephalic phase of gastric juice secretion is controlled by the peripheral nervous system

131
Q

Describe what happens during the cephalic phase of gastric juice secretion.

A

gastric juice is released into the stomach due to the anticipation of food; not entered the stomach yet

132
Q

When does the gastric phase of gastric juice secretion occur?

A

the gastric phase of gastric juice secretion occurs once food has entered the stomach

133
Q

How long does the gastric phase last?

A

the gastric phase lasts 3-4 hours

134
Q

What stimuli triggers the gastric phase of gastric juice secretion?

A

the gastric phase is stimulated by stretch receptors in the stomach and chemoreceptors detecting partially digested food

135
Q

What are a few inhibitions/ results of the gastric phase?

A

some results of the gastric phase are a lowered pH and emotional triggers

136
Q

What are some examples of emotional triggers caused by the gastric phase of gastric juice secretion?

A

some examples of emotional triggers resulting from the gastric phase are stress, fear, and anxiety

137
Q

Describe the inhibitory phase of gastric juice secretion.

A

the inhibitory phase begins with a brief stimulus followed by inhibition/results

138
Q

What stimuli triggers the intestinal phase of gastric juice secretion?

A

stimuli that trigger the intestinal phase are a lowered pH and when partially digested food enters the duodenum

139
Q

What are some inhibitions/ results of the intestinal phase of gastric juice secretion?

A

some inhibitions are the distension of the duodenum and the presence of chyme

140
Q

Describe the liver.

A

the liver is a reddish brown gland located immediately below the diaphragm on the right side

141
Q

Describe the microscopic anatomy of the liver.

A

the liver is composed of hexagonal-shaped liver lobules

142
Q

What are the functional units of the liver?

A

liver lobules are the functional units of the liver

143
Q

What are hepatocytes?

A

hepatocytes are liver cells that are arranged in stacks within the liver and radiate outward from a central vein

144
Q

List the functions of liver cells.

A

liver cells function to:
- secrete bile
- process nutrients
- use AA to make plasma proteins
- store fat-soluble vitamins
- clear toxins

145
Q

How much bile is secreted from liver cells each day?

A

~900ml of bile is secreted per day

146
Q

Liver cells convert ammonia into what?

A

liver cells convert ammonia into urea

147
Q

Describe the portal triad.

A

the portal triad is three structures at each of the six corners in a liver lobule

148
Q

Describe the function of the hepatic artery branch.

A

the hepatic artery branch supplies oxygen rich blood to the liver

149
Q

Describe the function of the hepatic portal vein.

A

the hepatic portal vein functions to supply nutrient rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver

150
Q

What is the function of bile ducts?

A

bile ducts function to transport bile from the liver to the duodenum

151
Q

What are liver sinusoids?

A

liver sinusoids are heavily fenestrated pockets between hepatocytes and plates

152
Q

Describe the movement of nutrient rich blood through the hepatic portal system.

A

hepatic arteries/ veins moves blood slowly through sinusoids and empty into the central vein then hepatic veins drain liver into the inferior vena cava

152
Q

What is the function of hepatic macrophages?

A

hepatic macrophages line the sinusoid walls clearing debris and old erythrocytes

153
Q

What are bile canaliculi?

A

bile canaliculi are tiny canals that run between adjacent hepatocytes to the bile duct of the portal triad

154
Q

What is the function of bile canaliculi?

A

bile canaliculi function to transport secreted bile

154
Q

Describe bile.

A

bile is a yellow-green like alkaline fluid that functions to emulsify fats

155
Q

What are the components of bile?

A

bile is composed of cholesterol, neutral fats, minerals, phospholipids, electrolytes, bile pigments, and acids

156
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

bilirubin is a principle bile pigment derived from the decomposition of hemoglobin

157
Q

What are bile salts?

A

bile salts are steroids synthesized from cholesterol that aid in fat digestion and absorption

158
Q

Define enterohepatic circulation.

A

enterohepatic circulation is the process of conserving bile salts

159
Q

What is process of enterohepatic circulation?

A

enterohepatic circulation is the reabsorption of bile salts in the ileum to the liver and its incorporation into new bile

160
Q

Describe the usages of bile salts.

A

95% of bile salts are recycled and the other 5% excreted in feces

161
Q

Describe what occurs with the hepatopancreatic sphincter between meals.

A

between meals, the hepatopancreatic sphincter closes and prevents bile from entering the small intestine

162
Q

Describe the anatomy of the gallbladder.

A

the gallbladder is a thin-walled green muscular sac on the underside of the liver

163
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

the gallbladder functions to store and concentrate bile

164
Q

What are gallstones?

A

gallstones are hard masses in the gallbladder or bile ducts

165
Q

What are the causes of gallstones?

A

gallstones are caused by too few bile salts/ to much cholesterol that allows cholesterols to crystalize

166
Q

Define jaundice.

A

jaundice is the yellowing of the skin

167
Q

What are the causes of jaundice?

A

jaundice is caused by bilirubin accumulation and poor fat digestion caused by little bile entering the small intestine

168
Q

Describe the anatomical position of the pancreas.

A

the pancreas is a spongy gland posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach

169
Q

How much pancreatic juice is secreted per day?

A

~1,500ml of pancreatic juice is secreted per day

170
Q

Pancreatic juice is secreted into what?

A

pancreatic juice is secreted into the pancreatic duct and eventually joins the bile duct to enter the small intestine

171
Q

Describe pancreatic juice.

A

pancreatic juice is an alkaline mixture containing enzymes that digest starches, fats, and proteins

172
Q

Which component of pancreatic juice breaks down starches?

A

pancreatic amylase breaks down starches

173
Q

Which component of pancreatic juice breaks down lipids?

A

pancreatic lipase breaks down fats

174
Q

Which component of pancreatic juice breaks down proteins?

A

trypsinogen breaks down proteins

175
Q

Bile and pancreatic juice are secreted in response to what?

A

bile and pancreatic juice are secreted in response to hormones and parasympathetic stimulation

176
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

the small intestine functions to conduct nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

177
Q

Describe the length and diameter of the small intestine.

A

the small intestine is 6-7 meters long is ~1 inch in length

178
Q

Describe the surface area of the small intestine.

A

the small intestine is highly folded causing an increased surface area

179
Q

What is the result of the circular folds in the small intestine?

A

the circular folds in the small intestine result in the flow of chyme in a spiral path along the small intestine slowing its progression and promote mixing and absorption

180
Q

Which portions of the small intestine have circular folds?

A

the duodenum and jejunum have circular folds

181
Q

Describe the anatomical location of the small intestine.

A

the small intestine is a coiled mass filling most of the abdominal cavity inferior to the stomach and liver

182
Q

What are the three regions of the small intestine?

A

the three regions of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

182
Q

Describe the duodenum.

A

the duodenum is the first 10cm of the small intestine from the pyloric valve

183
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

the duodenum functions to receive chyme, pancreatic juice, and bile

184
Q

What is the ileocecal junction?

A

the ileocecal junction is the end of the ileum that joins the first part of the large intestine

184
Q

Describe the anatomy of the jejunum.

A

the jejunum is the next 8ft of the small intestine after the duodenum

185
Q

List the first two processes that occur once food has entered the duodenum.

A

the first two processes are the neutralization of stomach acids and the emulsification of fats by bile acids

185
Q

List the second two processes that occur once food has entered the duodenum.

A

the second to process are the inactivation of pepsin and the overtaking of pancreatic enzymes in the digestion process

186
Q

Describe the anatomy of the ileum.

A

the ileum is the next 12ft of the small intestine after the jejunum

187
Q

Describe the function of the ileocecal valve.

A

the ileocecal valve functions to prevent feces back into the small intestine

188
Q

Describe the microscopic anatomy of the small intestinal walls.

A

the walls of the small intestine are fuzzy due to villi that make up the brush border

189
Q

Describe the contents of villus.

A

villus contains columnar and mucus-secreting goblet epithelial cells

190
Q

Describe the contents of villus cores.

A

villus cores contains an arteriole, capillary network, a venule, and lymphatic system capillary (lacteal)

191
Q

What is the function of the lacteals located in the villus core?

A

lacteals located in the villus core function to absorb fats

191
Q

What is the function of the capillaries located in the villus core?

A

capillaries located in the villus core function to absorb nutrients

192
Q

Describe the function of the brush border in the small intestine.

A

the brush border functions to increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine

193
Q

The brush border contains which enzymes that aid in the absorptive process.

A

the brush border contains enzyme integral proteins

194
Q

What is the function of the duodenal (Brunner) glands?

A

the duodenal glands secrete bicarbonate-rich mucus neutralizing stomach acids and protecting the intestinal walls

195
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes in the small intestine?

A

lymphocytes in the small intestine function to intercept pathogens before they enter the bloodstream

196
Q

What is the function of Peyer’s Patches in the small intestine?

A

peyer’s patches in the small intestine function to prevent bacteria in the distal end of the small intestine from entering the bloodstream

197
Q

What are Peyer’s Patches?

A

peyer’s patches are mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

198
Q

What are intestinal cypts?

A

intestinal crypts are tubular glands located on the floor of the small intestine between the bases of the villi

199
Q

What is the function of intestinal crypts?

A

intestinal crypts function to secrete 1-2L of intestinal juice per day

200
Q

What are the contents of intestinal juice?

A

intestinal juice contains water, mucous, and some enzymes

201
Q

Describe segmentation.

A

segmentation is the circular constriction of the small intestine that cuts, churns, and mixes chyme

201
Q

List the three functions of the small intestine.

A

the small intestine functions to:
- mix chyme with intestinal juice, bile, and pancreatic juice in order to neutralize acid and absorb nutrients-
- churn chyme so it can be absorbed and digested
- move residue towards the large intestine

202
Q

Describe peristalsis.

A

peristalsis is the succession of contractile waves that move undigested residue down the small intestine

203
Q

Which enzyme digests carbohydrates?

A

carbohydrates are digested by amylase

204
Q

List the forms that carbohydrates/ starch take during its digestion process.

A

starch -> oligosaccharides -> disaccharides (maltose) -> glucose

205
Q

Which form of carbohydrates is absorbed into the bloodstream?

A

glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream

206
Q

What is the function of salivary amylase?

A

salivary amylase hydrolyses starches and converts them to oligosaccharides

207
Q

In what conditions is salivary amylase activated?

A

salivary amylase is activated in the mouth at a pH of 6.8-7.0

208
Q

In what conditions is salivary amylase inactivated?

A

salivary amylase is inactivated in the stomach at a pH of <4.5

209
Q

What percentage of dietary starch is digested in the stomach?

A

50% of starch is digested in the stomach before entering the small intestine

209
Q

When does carbohydrate/ starch digestion resume after it leaves the stomach?

A

starch digestion is resumed in the small intestine when chyme mixes with pancreatic amylase

210
Q

Starch is completely converted into what during its digestion process?

A

starch is completely converted into oligosaccharides and maltose during digestion

211
Q

What signifies the completion of digestion for starches?

A

digestion is completed once chyme contacts brush border enzymes

212
Q

What are some examples of brush border enzymes that help digest starches?

A

some examples of brush border enzymes are dextranase, maltase, and glucoamylase

213
Q

Dietary saccharides sucrose and lactose are digested by which brush border enzymes?

A

sucrose and lactose are digested by enzymes sucrase and lactase

214
Q

What is the result of sucrose and lactose digestion?

A

sucrose and lactose digestion produce glucose and fructose and are immediately absorbed

215
Q

True or False: glucose and fructose are polysaccharides.

A

False: glucose and fructose are monosaccharides

216
Q

What is the cause of lactose intolerance?

A

lactose intolerance is caused by and absence of lactase to break down lactose; fermentation occurs

217
Q

Describe how starch is absorbed.

A

~80% of glucose is absorbed via the sodium glucose transport protein (facilitated diffusion)

218
Q

Proteins are digested by which enzyme?

A

proteins are digested by proteases

219
Q

True of False: the mouth has an abundance of proteases.

A

False; proteases are absent in saliva

220
Q

Where are proteases activated?

A

proteases are activated in the stomach

221
Q

Protease combines with HCl- to form what?

A

protease combine with HCl- to form pepsin

222
Q

What is the function of pepsin?

A

pepsin is an enzyme that functions to break down ~10-15% of dietary proteins in the stomach

223
Q

Where is pepsin inactivated?

A

pepsin is inactivated in the duodenum and combined with pancreatic juice

224
Q

What is the function of pancreatic enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin?

A

trypsin and chymotrypsin take over protein digestion by breaking down polypeptides forming smaller oligopeptides

225
Q

How are oligopeptides broken down?

A

oligopeptides are taken apart 1 AA at a time by 3 brush border enzymes

226
Q

What are the three brush border enzymes that break down oligopeptides?

A

the brush border enzymes that break down oligopeptides are carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, and dipeptidase

227
Q

Amino acids are similar to what molecule? Why?

A

amino acids are similar to monosaccharides because they use facilitated diffusion with sodium

228
Q

Lipids are digested by which enzyme?

A

lipids are digested by lipases

229
Q

True or False: lipid digestion is the hardest form of digestion.

A

True; lipid digestion is the hardest form of digestion

230
Q

Where is lingual lipase secreted?

A

lingual lipase is secreted by salivary glands of the tongue

231
Q

Where is lingual lipase activated?

A

lingual lipase is activated by stomach acid

232
Q

What percentage of fat in the stomach is digested by lingual lipase?

A

10% of stomach fat is digested by lingual lipase

233
Q

Where does most lipid digestion occur?

A

most of lipid digestion occurs in the small intestine due to pancreatic lipase and bile

234
Q

How long does it take for fat in an average meal to be digested in the small intestine?

A

it takes ~1-2 minutes for fat to be digested in the small intestine

235
Q

Describe the process of lipid absorption.

A

chyme enters the duodenum -> fat is broken down into emulsification droplets by lecithin and bile acids

236
Q

True or False: long chain fatty acids are too big to be absorbed?

A

True; long chain fatty acids are too big to be absorbed into the bloodstream

237
Q

Describe the absorption process of long chain fatty acids.

A

triglycerides form two fatty acids and a monoglyceride -> molecules are coated in bile acid and form micelles -> micelles break apart molecules to allow diffusion across the membrane

238
Q

What are the functions of intestinal cells in reference to lipids?

A

intestinal cells function to absorb lipids from micelles, resynthesize triglycerides, and turn phospholipids into protein-coated chylomicrons

239
Q

packaged chylomicrons are released by what?

A

packaged chylomicrons are released by exocytosis and enter the lacteal of the villus

239
Q

What is the function of the Golgi complex?

A

the golgi complex functions to package chylomicrons in -to secretory vessels

240
Q

Absorbed fatty acids enter the blood stream where?

A

absorbed fatty acids enter the blood stream at the left subclavian vein through the thoracic duct

241
Q

How long does it take for short/ medium fatty acid chains to be absorbed?

A

short/ medium chains are immediately absorbed into blood capillaries

242
Q

Describe the form vitamins take during their absorption.

A

vitamin are absorbed unchanged in the small intestine

243
Q

Are mineral absorbed into the bloodstream?

A

yes, minerals are absorbed along the length of the small intestine

244
Q

Where is water absorbed?

A

9L/day of water is absorbed in the small intestine and 0.8L/day is absorbed in the large intestine

244
Q

What causes diarrhea?

A

diarrhea is caused by fast moving fecal matter and low amounts of water being absorbed in the large intestine

245
Q

What causes constipation?

A

constipation is caused when fecal matter is moving too slow and too much water is reabsorbed

246
Q

Describe the anatomical structure of the large intestine.

A

the large intestine is about 5ft long and 2.5 inches wide

247
Q

Describe the mucosal lining of the large intestine.

A

the large intestine has no circular folds or villi

248
Q

How much absorption takes place in the large intestine?

A

very little absorption takes place in the large intestine

249
Q

Where does the large intestine begin?

A

the large intestine begins at the cecum

250
Q

What is the cecum?

A

the cecum is a pouch in the lower right abdominal area that initiates the large intestine

251
Q

Describe the appendix.

A

the appendix is a 2-7cm long tube attached to the lower end of the cecum

251
Q

What is the function of the appendix?

A

the appendix functions to store lymphocytes and immunity cells

252
Q

What is the colon?

A

the colon part of the large intestine between the ileocecal junction and anal canal

253
Q

What are the four regions of the colon?

A

the four regions of the colon are the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

254
Q

What is the rectum?

A

the rectum is the straight portion of the large intestine after the sigmoid colon

255
Q

What is the anal canal?

A

the anal canal is the final 3cm of the large intestine that ends at the anus

256
Q

What are the bacteria that populate the large intestine called?

A

the large intestine is populated with bacteria called bacterial flora

256
Q

How much does the average person expel intestinal gas (fart)?

A

the average person farts ~500ml a day

257
Q

What are the functions of bacterial flora?

A

bacterial flora ferment cellulose/ other undigested nutrients and synthesizes vitamins

258
Q

What is intestinal gas (fart)?

A

intestinal gas is typically swallowed air that has worked its way through the digestive tract

259
Q

How long does it take for the large intestine to create feces?

A

it takes 12-24 hours for the large intestine to form feces

260
Q

The large intestine is reabsorbs what from residue?

A

the large intestine reabsorbs some water and electrolytes from residue

261
Q

What are haustral contractions?

A

haustral contractions are slow segmenting movements in the large intestine

262
Q

Describe the movements of mass/ feces in the large intestine.

A

the movement of mass in the large intestine is long, slow-moving, but powerful contractile waves over large areas of the colon

262
Q

How long do haustral contractions last?

A

haustral contraction one minute every 30 seconds

263
Q

How often do mass movements occur?

A

mass movements occur 3-4 times each day typically after eating

264
Q

What are the components of feces?

A

feces is 75% water and 25% solids

265
Q

List the solids that make up 25% of feces.

A

solids that make up feces are:
- bacteria
- undigested fiber
- some protein
- old cells
- mucus
- digestive secretions

266
Q

Define defecation.

A

defecation is the process of peristaltic waves driving feces downwards and relaxes to anal sphincter to dispel feces

Anatomy and Physiology II (24 decks)

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