lung cancer Flashcards

1
Q
cough
hemoptysis
chest pain
weight loss, night sweats
pneumonia
pleural effusion
airway obstruction
paraneoplastic syndrome
hoarseness: recurrent laryngeal nerve
Horner syndrome: pancoast tumor
dysphagia: esophageal invasion
superior vena cava syndrome
A

lung cancer presentation

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2
Q

most common cause of death in men and women

A

lung cancer

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3
Q

4 types of lung cancer (based on histological type)

A

1) small cell lung carcinoma

2) non-small cell carcinoma: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma

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4
Q

most common type of primary lung cancer OVERALL

A

adenocarcinoma

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5
Q

PERIPHERAL location

most common lung cancer in NON-SMOKERS + FEMALES, also found in SMOKERS

A

adenocarcinoma

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6
Q

activating mutations associated with this lung cancer: EGFR, ALK, ROS, RET, KRAS genes

A

adenocarcinoma

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7
Q

2nd most common type of primary lung cancer

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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8
Q
CENTRAL location
hilar mass arising from bronchus 
cavitated lesion on xray or CT
associated with SMOKING
↑Ca
A

squamous cell carcinoma

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9
Q

keratin pearls

A

squamous cell carcinoma (characteristic of many squamous cell cancers)

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10
Q

squamous cell cancer characteristics

A

keratin pearls

secrete PTRrP →↑ Ca

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11
Q
PERIPHERAL location
associated with SMOKING
anaplastic, undifferentiated cells
giant cells
poor prognosis (poor response to chemo)
A

large cell carcinoma

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12
Q

high nucleus: cytoplasm ratio
CENTRAL location
associated with SMOKING
cushing syndrome or
SIADH (hyponatremia) or Lambert-Eaton syndrome (muscle weakness that IMPROVES with use)
undifferentiated, aggressive - poor prognosis

A

small cell carcinoma

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13
Q

Central
Smokers
Secreting

A

squamous cell carcinoma (PTHrP)
small cell carcinoma (ACTH, ADH, or Abs against Ca channel)

all S sounds

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14
Q

paraneoplastic syndrome associated with squamous cell carcinoma lung cancer

A

secretes PTHrP → hypercalcemia

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15
Q

3 paraneoplastic syndromes associated with small cell carcinoma

A

lung cancer secretes:

1) ACTH → cushing syndrome
2) ADH → SIADH (hyponatremia)
3) Abs against presynaptic Ca channels → Lambert-Eaton syndrome (muscle weakness that IMPROVES with use)

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16
Q

mutations in TP53, Rb, amplification MYC

A

small cell carcinoma

17
Q

low-grade malignant epithelial tumor

bronchospasm + wheezing, flushing, diarrhea, right-sided heart lesions

A

carcinoid tumor

18
Q

paraneoplastic syndrome associated with carcinoid

A
5HT secretion → carcinoid syndrome: BFDR
Bronchospasm and wheezing
Flushing
Diarrhea
Right-sided heart lesions (murmur)
19
Q

most common location for carcinoid tumors

A

lung
GI tract (most common tumor of appendix)
only get ↑5HT if tumor in lung or mets from GI to liver b/c 5HT goes directly in systemic circulation instead of GI → portal vein → liver for metabolism)

20
Q

defined by where it is found: APEX of lung → compress cervical sympathetic system → horner syndrome (ipsilateral PAM), SVC syndrome, hoarseness)
most are non-small cell lung carcinomas

A

pancoast tumor

21
Q

obstruction of superior vena cava → impaired drainage from head “facial plethora”, neck (jugular venous distention), upper extremitity (edema)
commonly caused by malignancy or indwelling cathether

A

superior vena cava syndrome

EMERGENCY

22
Q

located in PLEURA (outer lining of lung)
associated with asbestos exposure
poor prognosis
NOT ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING

A

mesothelioma

23
Q

lung cancer mets goes to

A

brain
bone
liver
adrenal glands

24
Q

lung receives mets from

A

breast
colon
prostate
bladder

25
Q

risk factors for lung cancer

A

smoking
silica: coal mines
radon: heavy gas that settles in basements or coal mines
asbestos (mesothelioma)

26
Q

lung cancers not associated with smoking

A

carcinoid tumor

mesothelioma