Lung Cancer Flashcards
aetiology
outline at least 4 aetiologies of lung cancer
Think:
- A
- s
- a
- i
- o
- f
- Age
- smoking substances like tobacco or passive smokers
- air pollution
- ionizing radiation
- occupational exposures like asbestos, silica or paint fumes
- family history
symptoms
what are 5 main symptoms of lung cancer
Think:
- c
- w
- s
- c
- h
- coughing
- weight loss
- shortness of breath
- chest pain
- hemoptysis with non specific symptoms (like fever, weakness, lethargy
paraneoplastic syndromes
what are 4 paraneoplastic syndromes
think:
- C with… due to…
- i
- p
- g
- cushing syndrome with facial oedema and cachexia due to hypokalemic alkalosis
- inappropriate ADH secretion
- parathormone-like effect
- gonadotropin effect
what does the paraneoplastic syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion lead to and what are 4 symptoms of this?
Think:
- sodium (Na)
For symptoms, think:
- i
- C
- w
- S
- low NA resulting from high urine osmolality and low serum osmolality
symptoms:
- irritability
- confusion
- weakness
- seizures (in extreme cases)
what 6 things do the symptoms the paraneoplastic syndrome of parathormone-like effect lead to?
Think:
- H
- A
- P
- P
- L
- C
- hypercalcaemia
- abdominal pain
- poluria
- polydipsia
- lethargy
- constipation
what 2 things symptoms the paraneoplastic syndrome of gonadotropin effect lead to?
- gynecomastia
- testicular cancer
what are the 2 main types of lung cancer
- small cell lung cancer
- Non-small cell lung cancer
what is the 1 subtype of small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
small cell carcinoma
what are the 3 different subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
- squamous carcinoma
- adeno-carcinoma
- large cell carcinoma
SCLC
what usually accompanies SCLC and give 3 examples
for what accompanies, think : a type of syndrome
for 3 examples, think:
- m
- e
- d
a paraneoplastic syndrome, such as:
- myasthenia of Eaton-Lambert syndrome
- ectopic corticotropin production
- diabetes insipidus
which main type of cancer is more sensitive to chemotherapy?
SCLC
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
what percentage of all lung cancers is squamous cell carcinoma?
30%
what 2 things is squamous cell carcinoma associated with?
Think: bad chemicals
- smoking
- exposure to chemical carcinogens
where specifically does squamous cell carcinoma start
in flat cells lining the bronchi
what is the most common type of lung cancer in non-smokers
adenocarcinoma
what percentage of all lung cancer are large cell carcinoma?
10% of all lung cancers
diagnosis
what are 2 imaging methods to diagnose lung cancer?
- Chest X-ray
- CT scan
what is seen in a chest X-ray in people with lung cancer
- solitary pulmonary nodules or mass
what is CT scans particularly useful for in lung cancer
think: lymph nodes
- identification of lymph node involvement
what does the early CDT-lung test do?
allows for early detection of lung cancer
biopsy
what 2 instances is a lung biopsy usually performed?
- when clinical symptoms suggest lung cancer
- when findings on chest X-ray or CT scan suggest lung cancer
what are 3 respiratory complications in lung cancer
- p
- a
- p
- pleural effusion
- atelectasis
- pneumonia
what are 2 CV complicatons in lung cancer
think:
- s
- p
- SVC syndrome
- pericardial effusion
what are 2 neurological complications in lung cancer
think:
- b
- s
- brain metastasis
- spinal cord compression
what are 2 metabolic complications in lung cancer
think:
- c
- h
- cachexia
- hypercalcemia
what are 2 psychological complications of lung cancer
think:
- d
- a
- depression
- anxiety
what 3 things does lung cancer prognosis depend on?
think:
- metastasis
- which lung cancers
- progression of lung cancer
- if the cancerous cells have metastasised to distant sites
- type of lung cancer
- the stage of lung cancer
what is a paraneoplastic syndrome?
a non-metastatic extra pulmonary manifestation of lung cancer
