FORMATIVE PAPER EXAM Qs

Question 1

explain the effect of pulmonary fibrosis change residual volume

Answer 1

1. pulmonary fibrosis is a restrictive disease in which the ability for the lungs to expand for ventilation and gas exchange is reduced
2. caused by scars, laying down of fibrin due to fibroblasts and thus thickened tissue
3. due to this, lung volumes like expiratory reserve volume, total lung capacity and tidal volume are reduced, along with residual volume too.

Question 2

A newborn is thought to have hypoxic brain injury rand is placed on ventilation due to his inability to consciously breathe.

Which area of his central nervous system is most likely to have shown hypoxic damage in this case?

Answer 2

cerebral cortex

Question 3

Mrs X, a life-long smoker, has recently been diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.

Explain the pathogenesis of squamous cell cancer in the lung [4 marks] and explain why it has a poor prognosis [3 marks].

Answer 3

1. Squamous cell carcinoma arises from the metaplastic cells of the airway where the respiratory epithelium has been replaced with stratified squamous epithelium.
2. The epithelium becomes dysplastic and then neoplastic.
3. While the tumour is contained within the epithelium it is called a carcinoma in situ
4. once it has breached the basement membrane it is invasive and can acquire a blood supply and metastasise.
5. It has a poor prognosis because it has few early specific symptoms (many smokers have persistent coughs) and x-ray screening hasn’t been shown to be beneficial.
6. In addition it is an aggressive tumour that has often metastasised before diagnosis.

Question 4

Which of the following is thought to be performed by the respiratory ‘apneustic’ centre?

Answer 4

Stimulation of the dorsal respiratory group

Question 5

Salmeterol is a long-acting beta agonist (LABA) used for asthma. Which of the following best describes this drug?

Answer 5

Is classified as a preventer

Question 6

D. The pneumotaxic centre directly limits the activity of the intercostal muscles via the phrenic nerve. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 6

FALSE, the intercostal nerves innervate the intercostal muscles

Question 7

(i) Name the intercostal muscles in the intercostal spaces. [3 marks].

(ii) What are true, false, and floating ribs and how do they articulate anteriorly? [3 marks]

Answer 7

There are 3 layers of the intercostal muscles, which are present in each of the eleven intercostal spaces. They are named as: External intercostals, internal intercostals, and innermost intercostals. (3 marks).

(2) The** upper seven ribs (ribs 1 – 7)** are the** true ribs, which articulate anteriorly** via a single costal cartilage directly to the sternum.

Ribs 8 – 10 are the false ribs, which articulate** indirectly to the sternum anteriorly** via the shared costal cartilage of the above rib. 11th and 12th ribs are floating ribs, which do not articulate with the sternum at all. (3 marks).