Acids-Basics 3: Types of respiratory disturbance (AS lecture)

Question 1

outline the compensation process of respiratory acidosis

Answer 1

1. PCO2 is high due to decrease in gaseous exchange, leading to CO2 retention
2. compensation by the kidneys results in increased H+ excretion over 3-5 days and an increased level/retention of plasma bicarbonate ions

Question 2

outline the compensation process when respiratory alkalosis occurs

Answer 2

1. PaCO2 is low because of alveolar hyperventilation, leading to excess removal of CO2
2. Compensation by the kidneys results in decrease excretion of H+ and increased excretion of HCO3- over a 3-5 day span

Question 3

write down 3 causes of respiratory acidosis that affect the CNS

Answer 3

• Drugs (morphine + sedatives)
• strokes
• infection

Question 4

write down 2 causes of respiratory acidosis that are related to airway obstruction

Answer 4

• Asthma
• COPD

Question 5

write down 3 causes of respiratory acidosis that are related to parenchymal emphysema

Answer 5

• pneumoconiosis
• bronchitis
• Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDs)

Question 6

write at least 2 (out of 4) causes of respiratory acidosis that affect the neuromuscular system

Answer 6

• poliomyelitis
• kyhphoscoliosis
• myasthenia gravis
• muscular dystrophies

Question 7

state 2 causes of respiratory acidosis that have miscellaneous origin

Answer 7

• obesity
• hypoventilation

Question 8

write down at least 2 (out of 5) causes of respiratory alkalosis that affect the CNS

Answer 8

• pain anxiety and psychosis
• fever
• cerebrovascular accident/stroke
• meningitis/encephalitis
• trauma

Question 9

write down at least 2/5 causes of respiratory alkalosis that originate from hypoxaemia or tissue hypoxia

Answer 9

• high altitude
• pneumonia
• pulmonary oedema
• aspiration
• severe anaemia

Question 10

write down 3 causes of respiratory alkalosis that originate from drugs or hormonal causes

Answer 10

• pregnancy
• progestrone
• salicylates

Question 11

write down 3 causes of respiratory alkalosis that originate from stimulation of thoracic neural receptors

Answer 11

• haemothorax
• flail chest cardiac failure
• pulmonary embolism

Question 12

write down 3 causes of respiratory alkalosis that originate from stimulation of thoracic neural receptors

Answer 12

• haemothorax
• flail chest cardiac failure
• pulmonary embolism

Question 13

what is a cause of respiratory alkalosis that originate from miscellaneous causes

Answer 13

• mechanical hyperventilation

Question 14

write down at least 2/6 causes of metabolic acidosis?

Answer 14

• diarrhoea
• renal tubular acidosis
• renal failure
• diabetes
• tissue hypoxia
• drugs

Question 15

write down at least 2/6 causes of Metabolic Alkalosis?

Answer 15

• persistent gastric vomiting
• gastric suction
• antacids
• hyperaldosteronism
• chronic hypokalaemia
• diuretics