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YEAR 2: Respiratory Disease (MGEM2013 UNUK) (SPR1 23-24) > Lower Respiratory Tract Anatomy > Flashcards

Lower Respiratory Tract Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

functional vs anatomical

what does the lower respiratory tract extend from

A
  • trachea to bronchi and the lungs
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2
Q

what does the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract consist of

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

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3
Q

conducting portion

where is the most sensitive area of the trachea and larynx for triggering a cough reflex

A

the mucous membrane of the carina

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4
Q

trachea

what muscle completes the trachea ring posteriorly?

A

trachealis muscle

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5
Q

what is the incomplete ring in the trachea made of

A

hyaline cartilage

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6
Q

where does the trachea start

A

cricoid cartilage

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7
Q

where is the trachea palpable

A

at the suprasternal notch

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8
Q

Trachea: what vertebral level does it start and end?

A

Start: C6

end: T4/T5 (at sternal angle)

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9
Q

bronchial tree

what 3 things are main, lobar and segmental bronchi made up of?

A

made up of:

  • hyaline cartilage
  • smooth muscle
  • elastic fibres
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10
Q

how many divisions take place between the trachea and respiratory bronchioles?

A

between 25-33 divisions

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11
Q

broncho-pulmonary BP segments

outline the clinical significance of BP segments and why

A
  • each BP segment can be removed without affecting adjacent segments
  • this is because venous and lymphatic vessels of the BP segments pass through the intervening septae (space) separating each segment
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12
Q

outline the superior BP lobe segments in the right lung

A

1) apical
2) posterior
3) anterior

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13
Q

outline the superior BP lobe segments in the left lung

A
  • Superior lingular (4)
  • inferior lingular (5).
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14
Q

outline the middle BP lobe segments in the right lung

A
  • Medial
  • lateral
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15
Q

the left lung has middle BP lobe segments. True OR False?

A

false, it has a lingula instead

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16
Q

outline the 5 inferior BP lobe segments of the right lung

A
  • Apical basal
  • medial basal
  • anterior basal
  • lateral basal
  • posterior basal
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17
Q

features of the lungs

how many lobes and fissures does the right and left lung have respectively?

A

right lung:
- 3 lobes
- 2 fissures

left lung:
- 2 lobes
- 1 fissure

18
Q

why can fluid/ secretions collect in the apical basal and posterior basal lobe segments in patients in the supine position?

A

as they are the lowest lobe segments, fluid/secretions can collect due to gravity

19
Q

relations on the medial surface of lungs

how can you know you are looking at a left or right lung based on impressions on the medial surface

A
  • right has more veins and left has more arteries
  • left lung has a more prominent cardiac impression than right
20
Q

blood supply, nerve supply and lympathic drainage

what somatic nerves supply:
- the upper respiratory tract
- chest wall
- diaphragm

A

URT:
- cranial nerves

chest wall:
- intercostal nerves

diaphragm:
- phrenic nerve

21
Q

where is parasympathetic innervation of the lungs derived from?

A

the vagus nerve

22
Q

what 3 things does parasympathetic innervation in the lung do?

A
  • stimulates secretion from the bronchial glands
  • contraction the bronchial smooth muscle
  • vasodilates the pulmonary vessels
23
Q

where is sympathetic lung innervation derived from

A

derived from sympathetic trunks

24
Q

what 2 things does sympathetic innervation of lung tissue do

A
  • stimulate relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
  • vasoconstrict pulmonary vessels
25
Q

what does visceral afferent nerve innervation in the lungs do

A

conducts pain impulses to the sensory ganglion of the vagus nerve

26
Q

what do each of the superficial and deep plexuses of lung lymphatic vessels help to drain and where do they both drain into

A

superficial:
- drains lung parenchyma

deep:
- drains lung root

both drain into the tracheobronchial lymph nodes

27
Q

diaphragm

what are the right and left crura

A
  • the parts of the diaphragm that arise from L1-L3 vertebrae
28
Q

what are the three openings in the diaphragm?

A
  • caval hiatus
  • oesophageal hiatus
  • aortic hiatus
29
Q

where does majority of the arterial supply come from to the diaphragm

A

inferior phrenic arteries

30
Q

muscles of respiration: intercostal muscles

state what the interceostal muscles are:
- innervated by
- supplied by
- drained by

A

innervated by:
- intercostal nerves

supplied by:
- intercostal arteries

drained by:
- intercostal veins

31
Q

pleura

what does the pleura do

A

protects the lungs from friction against chest wall

32
Q

what are the 2 main types of pleura and what do they cover

A

visceral pleura:
- covers the lungs

parietal pleura:
- covers internal surfaces of thoracic cage

33
Q

what are the 4 types of parietal pleura and where do they cover

A
  • costal pleura: thoracic cage
  • medistinal pleura: mediastinum
  • apical pleura: cervical region
  • diaphragmatic pleura: diaphragm
34
Q

which parts of the pleura do these nerves innervate:
- phrenic nerve
- intercostal nerves

A

phrenic:
- mediastinal pleura
- diaphragmatic pleura

intercostal:
- apical pleura
- costal pleura

35
Q

where does the visceral pleura receive autonomic innervation

A

the pulmonary plexus

36
Q

where is the blood supply of these pleurae derived from:
- parietal pleura
- visceral pleura

A

parietal:
- intercostal arteries

Visceral:
- bronchial arteries

37
Q

pneumothorax and pleural effusion

what is tension pneumothorax

A

where air that continues to enter into the pleural cavity can’t escape, usually due to tramatic pneumothorax

38
Q

what can tension pneumothorax cause to the trachea

A

It causes the trachea deviate to the contralateral side, forming a valve that prevents air entering the unaffected lung

39
Q

what is pleural effusion

A

any kind of fluid collection in the pleural cavity due to infection/inflammation in the lungs/pleura

40
Q

what are the 3 types of pleural effusion and use a phrase to outline them

A
  • haemothorax: presence of blood in pleural cavity
  • chylothorax: presence of chyle (lymph) in the pleural cavity
  • empyema: collection of pus in pleural cavity caused by microbes like bacteria
41
Q

why drain pleural effusion from the bottom of the lung and not the top?

A

because the fluid will be at the bottom of the pleual due to gravity.

YEAR 2: Respiratory Disease (MGEM2013 UNUK) (SPR1 23-24) (39 decks)

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