Lp 45

Question 1

Inflammation of the liver

Answer 1

Hepatitis

Question 2

-reportable diseases
-d/t: viral infections, other infections, drug & toxic substance rxns
-2 forms of injury: direct cellular injury & immune response

Answer 2

Viral hepatitis

Question 3

-complication of viral hepatitis
-liver inflammation & necrosis for >6 months
-causes: alcohol abuse, drug abuse, metabolic disorders, auto-immune responses, HBV,HCV,HDV
-2 forms: chronic viral hepatitis & autoimmune hepatitis

Answer 3

Chronic hepatitis

Question 4

-agent: HAV (RNA virus)
-no carrier or chronic state
-spread by oral/fecal route
-affects all age groups (adolescents; toddlers)
-usually self-limiting
-vaccine is available

Answer 4

Hepatitis A

Question 5

-agent: HBV (DNA virus)
-can produce acute hepatitis, harmonic hepatitis, carrier hepatitis
-350 milllion people affected worldwide
-transmitted from blood/plasma/body fluid;sexual transmission & pregnancy
-chronic causes ongoing problems;leads to massive necrosis
-vaccine provides long term protection

Answer 5

Hepatitis B

Question 6

-agent: HVC (RNA virus)
-carrier or chronic
-most common cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis & hepatocellular cancer
-milder symptoms than other forms
-often asymptomatic or nonspecific symptoms (fatigue, malaise, anorexia)
-transmission: blood & body fluids
-no vaccine
-at risk: blood transfusion recipients, drug abusers, medial personnel expose to blood products

Answer 6

Hepatitis C

Question 7

-usually HCV
-minimal necrosis
-increased liver enzymes serum levels
-asymptomatic
-s/s: intermittent malaise, decreased/no appetite, nausea, jaundice
-no simple to-liver transplant

Answer 7

Chronic viral hepatitis

Question 8

-unknown origin
-young females
-symptomatic to liver failure
-immunosuppressant drugs

Answer 8

Autoimmune hepatitis

Question 9

-fibrosis & conversion of N liver structures to nodules
-blood is shunted away from hepatocytes- causes decreased Fxn
-several types: pot necrotic, biliary, portal/alcoholic

Answer 9

Cirrhosis of the liver

Question 10

-10-30% of case
-predisposes to cancer
-often follow: HBV infection, autoimmune diseases, response to toxins/drugs

Answer 10

Post necrotic cirrhosis

Question 11

-10% of cases
-2* to gallstones or biliary duct stricture
-autoimmune origin likely
-females 40-60 yrs old
-prognosis: poor (5yr survival)

Answer 11

Biliary cirrhosis

Question 12

-associated with alcohol consumption
-d/t dextocification of alcohol in liver

Answer 12

Portal/alcoholic cirrhosis

Question 13

-benign or malignant

Answer 13

Neoplasms

Question 14

-females 20-40 yrs
=ethology: BCP use (hypothesis)
-appear as nodules (<5cm)

Answer 14

Hepatic adenomas (benign)

Question 15

-predominantly in cirrhosis livers
-hepatocellular (80%)
-cholangiocarcinoma (20%)
-high association b/w hepatocellular carcinoma & HBV,HCV,HDV
-s/s: often ++ masses, larger than nodules seen in cirrhosis, hemorrhage & necrosis
-metastatic

Answer 15

Primary carcinoma

Question 16

-2* neoplasms from: GI tract, breast, lung
-most common form of liver cancer

Answer 16

Metastatic carcinoma

Question 17

The pancreas production & secretion of?

Answer 17

-pancreatic juice (endocrine)
-hormones (endocrine)

Question 18

Acini (acinar cells) form most of?

Answer 18

Gland
-produce digestive enzymes

Question 19

B cells produce

Answer 19

Insulin

Question 20

A cells produce

Answer 20

Glucagon

Question 21

Insulin is hypoglycemic=

Answer 21

Decreased blood glucose levels

Question 22

glucagon is hypergycemic=

Answer 22

Increase blood glucose levels

Question 23

-1.2L-1.5L daily
-rich in any message & other substances (facilitate any meds activity):
*h20
*trypsinogen
*amylase
*lipases
*nucleases
*bicarbonate

Answer 23

Pancreatic juice

Question 24

Pancreatic enzymes:
-trypsin-?
-amylase-?
-lipases-?
-nucleases-?

Answer 24

-trypsin- proteins
-amylase- carbohydrates
-lipases- emulsified lipids
-nucleases- nucleic acids

Question 25

Regulation of pancreatic secretion is regulated by

Answer 25

-local hormones
-parasympathetic nn

Question 26

Intestinal hormones regulate secretion & release of

Answer 26

Pancreatic juices

Question 27

3 different factors regulate stages of secretion

Answer 27

-CCK: acinar cells release juices into interlobar ducts
-Secretin: duct cells release HCO3 solution
-vagal stimulation: causes secretion of pancreatic juices into common duct

Question 28

Bruner cells in duodenal wall secrete mucus-protects mucosa against

Answer 28

Acidic chyme

Question 29

-reversible inflammatory condition.
-autodigestion
-may become systemic inflammatory condition causing multi-organ failure
-generally d/t gallstones or alcohol abuse

Answer 29

Acute pancreatitis

Question 30

-permanent destruction of exocrine tissue
-endocrine tissue: affected & irreversible damaged
-1* cause: alcohol abuse

Answer 30

Chronic pancreatitis

Question 31

-deadly cancer (usually metastasized by the time of Dx
-unknown cause
-age is factor: > 50
-1* environmental factor: smoking

Answer 31

Pancreatic cancer