Lp 43

Question 1

-colon mucosa herniates & bulges through muscularis (causes hypertrophy & thickening of muscularis)
-ethology: increased intramural P d/t contraction force
-mostly in sigmoid colon
-affects; 5-10% of > 45 yr olds & 80% of > 80 yr olds
-causes: decreased fibre diet, sedentary life style, poor bowel habits & aging

Answer 1

Diverticular disease

Question 2

Inflammatory complication of diverticulosis

Answer 2

Diverticulitis

Question 3

S/s:
-mostly asymptomatic
-lower bowel discomfort
-diarrhea/ constipation
-bloating
-flatulence

Answer 3

Diverticulosis

Question 4

S/s
-pn lower L quadrant
-tendernesss lower L quadrant
-nausea
-vomiting
-slight fever
-increased WBC count

Answer 4

Diverticulitis

Question 5

-most common neoplasm
-mass protrudes into lumen
-adenomatous (benign mucosal)
-1/2 are rectosigmoid & remainder equal throughout colon
-frequency increase w/age

Answer 5

Polyps

Question 6

-++ fatal & fairly common
-frequency increase > 50 yr old
-most begin as polyps
-associated w/: decreased fibre, increased fat, decreased vit. A-C-E, ulcerative colitis & crohn’s & family links
-pathogenesis: pre-existing polyp, transition: metaplasia to dysplasia & cancerous transformation
S/s: bleeding (initial), change in blower habits & stool, pn (late) & asymptomatic for many yrs

Answer 6

Colorectal cancer

Question 7

-endoscopic examination of the LI 7 distal part of SI with a camera on a flexible use passed through the anus
-can provide a visual diagnosis
-opportunity for biopsy or removal of suspected colorectal cancer lesions
-can remove polyps as small as 1mm or less

Answer 7

Colonoscopy

Question 8

-occupies most of R hypochondriac region
-4 lobes
-attached to body wall via several ligaments
-n= not palpable
-gallbladder is inferior to liver
-Biliary system= gallbladder & bile ducts -liver & biliary system secrete into common bile duct
-portal circulation delivers nutrients from gut to liver
-liver has ++ lymph drainage (removes intracellular exudates & returns to systemic circulation

Answer 8

Liver structures & Fxn

Question 9

-loves are subdivided into lobules ‘
-lobules: livers functional units & arranged in hepatic cellular plates

Answer 9

Microstructure of the liver

Question 10

Components of cellular plates

Answer 10

-hepatocytes
-kupffer’s cells
-bile canaliculi
-sinusoids

Question 11

All metabolic activity in liver

Answer 11

Hepatocytes

Question 12

Macrophages that phagocytose bacteria from gut

Answer 12

Kupffer’s cells

Question 13

Carry bile from liver to gallbladder

Answer 13

Bile canaliculi

Question 14

Carry blood from portal v & hepatic aa to hepatic vv

Answer 14

Sinusoids

Question 15

-diverse functions
-impairment affects:
*vascular Fxn
*metabolism
*secretory & excretory fxns
*storage & defence

Answer 15

Functions of the liver

Question 16

Cirrhosis characterized by

Answer 16

-ABN nodules
-loss of Fxn
-fibrosis

Question 17

Causes of cirrhosis

Answer 17

-alcohol abuse
-poisons
-viral infections
-hepatitis
-bile duct infection

Question 18

Systemic complications from liver dysfunction

Answer 18

-ascities
-portal hypertension

Question 19

Excess lymph exudation to abdominal cavity

Answer 19

Ascites

Question 20

Increased P in portal V d/t blood obstruction in liver

Answer 20

Portal hypertension

Question 21

Maintains BS levels

Answer 21

Biosynthetic conversions

Question 22

Conversion of a.a to f.a or glucose ( produces ammonia/ nitrogenous waste)
-provides E source

Answer 22

Deamination

Question 23

Purpose:
-deamination
-removal of ammonia from blood
-conversion of ammonia to urea

Answer 23

Protein metabolism

Question 24

-f.a conversion for B oxidation
-lipoprotein packaging
-carbs & protein conversion to fat

Answer 24

Lipid metabolism

Question 25

Delivered to adipose for storage

Answer 25

Phospholipids

Question 26

Packaged in lipoproteins for transport to cells

Answer 26

Rest