Lower Urinary Tract and Male Genital Tract Flashcards
Which tumor suppressor gene is inactivated by the HPV- encoded protein E6 & E7?
E 6: p53
E 7: RB
What is the common cause of painless testicular enlargement ?
Testicular tumors
What is the most common germ cell tumor ?
Seminoma
These are central blood vessels enveloped by tumor cells found in yolk sac tumors?
Schiller- Duval bodies
These are laminated mineralized concretions in phagolysosomes found in malakoplakia ?
Michaelis- Gutmann bodies
What do you call the infection of glans and prepuce?
Balanoposthitis
What is the upper normal limit for prostate-specific antigen ( PSA) ?
4 ng/ mL
What is the most common site of prostatic adenocarcinoma?
Peripheral zone
What is the most common site of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Transitional zone
Mechanism of HPV carcinogenesis?
E6: Inhibits p53
E7: Inhibits RB
Chemosensitive and radiosensitive testicular tumor ?
Seminoma
Characteristic of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
- Increased gland size
- Compresses urethra , leading to obstruction
- Most common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms in males PSA levels </= 4ng/mL
Pathophysiology of BPH
It is hormonally influenced by testosterone and dihydrotestosterone.
Expected histologic findings of BPH
Hyperplasia of glandular and stromal tissues with papillary buds.
Clinical features of BPH
- Old men incontinence
- Decrease in urine stream
- Terminal dribbling
- Abdominal straining when urinating
- Need to urinate frequently
- Urge despite difficulty initiating voiding
Lab test to be requested for an old man with difficulty in starting and stopping the urine stream accompanied by dysuria, frequency, hematuria, and palpation of a nodule upon DRE im the outer peripheral area of the gland.
Serum PSA level
Characteristic of PSA
- Androgen regulated to cleave and liquify seminal coagulum formed after ejaculation.
- Product of prostatic epithelium secreted in the semen.
- Enlarging prostate in aging men would have higher serum PSA.
Histologic finding distinguishing cancer cells of the prostate.
The outer basal cell layer found in benign lesion is absent.
Most common site of metastasis of prostate cancer?
Bone
Possible factors that would result to PSA elevation ? (2)
- Prostatitis infarction of nodular hyperplasia
- Diagnostic procedure done on prostate itself
Use of PSA velocity to predict eventual abnormal values in men at risk for prostate cancer?
Get the rate of change in PSA which is usually 0.75 ng/ml per year with at least 3 PSA measurements over a period of 1.5-2 years.
Use of PSA velocity to predict eventual abnormal values in men at risk for prostate cancer?
Get the rate of change in PSA which is usually 0.75 ng/ml per year with at least 3 PSA measurements over a period of 1.5-2 years.
Palpable testicular mass showed large and round cell with clear cytoplasm and a large central nucleus.
Seminoma
Male patient admitted for testicular pain presenting with swollen and inflamed right testes and CT scan revealing abnormal accumulation of fluid in the cavity of the tunica vaginalis. What’s the diagnosis?
Hydrocele
