Lower Limb Flashcards
Internal muscles:
iliacus
psoas major
Anterior thigh
Quadriceps femoris -Rectus femoris -Vastus lateralis -Vastus medialis -Vastus intermedius -Patellar tendon -Patellar ligament Sartorius
Medial Thigh
Iliopsoas Pectineus Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gracilis (Peanut Butter Lovers Get Married)
Lateral Thigh
Iliotibial tract
Tensor fasciae latae
Anterior Leg
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Lateral leg
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
Posterior Thigh
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Posterior leg
Triceps surae -Gastrocnemius -Soleus -Calcaneal tendon Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus
Buttocks
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Piriformis
Nerves
Femoral
Sciatic
-Tibial
-Common fibular
Vessels
Femoral arteries
Popliteal arteries
Great saphenous veins
Deep veins
Popliteal veins
Femoral veins
by mobilizing the gluteus maximus
trochanter bursa of the greater trochanter, between that and the ischial tuberosity is the sciatic nerve
sciatic nerve dives deep into the
biceps femoris muscle
popliteal artery and vein as it traverses through
adductor hiatus in the adductor magnus
the femoral triangle
femoral artery, vein, and nerve
the great saphenous vein drains into the
femoral vein from the medial side
Illiacus
- Iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum
- Lesser trochanter of femur
femoral nerve
psoas major
- Sides of T12-L5 vertebrae, transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae
- Lesser trochanter of femur
sartorius
- Anterior superior iliac spine
- Medial surface of tibia
femoral nerve
adductor longus
adductor brevis
Pubis
Linea aspera of femur
Obturator nerve
adductor magnus
Pubis and ischial tuberosity
Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, adductor tubercle of femur
Obturator and sciatic nerve
Pectineus
Pubis
Posterior surface of femur
femoral nerve and sometimes Obturator nerve
Gracilis
Pubis
Medial surface of tibia
Obturator nerve
rectus femoris
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Via common tendinous (patellar tendon) and independent attachments to base of patella; indirectly to via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
femoral nerve
vastus lateralis
Greater trochanter and linea aspera of femur
Via common tendinous (patellar tendon) and independent attachments to base of patella; indirectly to via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
femoral nerve
vastus medialis
Medial surface of shaft and linea aspera of femur
Via common tendinous (patellar tendon) and independent attachments to base of patella; indirectly to via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
femoral nerve
vastus intermedius
Anterior and lateral surfaces of shaft of femur
Via common tendinous (patellar tendon) and independent attachments to base of patella; indirectly to via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
femoral nerve
tensor fasciae latae
Anterior superior iliac spine, iliac crest
Iliotibial tract, which attaches to lateral condyle of tibia
biceps femoris
Long head: ischial tuberosity
Short head: linea aspera
Lateral side of head of fibula
Sciatic nerve (tibial and common fibular portion)
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
Ischial tuberosity
Medial surface of tibia
Sciatic nerve (tibial portion)
gluteus maximus
Ilium, dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx
Most fibers end in iliotibial tract & gluteal tuberosity of femur
gluteus minimus
External surface of ilium
Anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur
gluteus medius
External surface of ilium
Lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur
tibialis anterior
Lateral condyle of tibia
Inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
Deep fibular nerve*
extensor digitorum longus
Lateral condyle of tibia and medial surface of fibula
Middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5
Deep fibular nerve*
fibularis longus
Head of fibula
Base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform
Superficial fibular nerve*
fibularis brevis
Inferior two thirds of lateral surface of fibula
Styloid process of 5th metatarsal
Superficial fibular nerve*
gastrocnemius
Two heads – attach onto lateral and medial condyles of femur
Calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon
Tibial nerve
soleus
Posterior surface of fibula medial border of tibia
Calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon
Tibial nerve
flexor digitorum longus
Medial, posterior surface of tibia
Bases of distal phalanges 2-5 (plantar surface)
Tibial nerve
flexor hallucis longus
Inferior portion of fibula; interosseous membrane
Base of distal phalanx of great toe
Tibial nerve
tibialis posterior
Interosseous membrane; posterior surface of tibia
Navicular, cuneiform, cuboid & bases of metatarsals 2-5
Tibial nerve
triceps surae
gastrocnemius, soleus, calcaneal tendon
The muscles of the gluteal region are innervated by
the superior and inferior gluteal nerves, which come from L5-S2 roots
dysfunctions of the lower limb
sciatica, osteoarthritis of knees, plantar fasciitis, and gout.
sciatic nerve comes from
the lumbar and sacral plexus, L4-S3, and is usually a symptom of a bigger problem such as a degenerative disc disease or a bone spur in the spine
swelling of the piriformis muscle
sciatica
Osteoarthritis of the knee
affects older individuals and occurs because of natural “wear and tear”
cartilage of the knee begins to wear away, which results in friction between the bones and resulting in bone spurs
athletes are at risk of
Osteoarthritis of the knee
a sedentary lifestyle can lead to
Osteoarthritis of the knee, because of weakened muscles that can no longer properly support the knee
tactics to combat osteoarthritis include
increasing activity levels by doing certain exercises (within reason), lose weight if necessary, and anti-inflammatory
medications
Superficially on the plantar aspect of your foot is a thick layer of fascia called
plantar fascia
plantar fascia
helps support the arch in our feet, stemming from the calcaneus (bone in the heel) towards the metatarsals (toes).
cause of inflammation of plantar fascia
uncertain but specific activities that require individuals to be on their feet a lot (e.g. construction workers, teachers, military personnel, etc.) seems to be a consistent factor
Buchbinder
commonly target middle aged patients between 40 and 60 years old, because of prolonged standing, tiny tears form in the plantar fascia and incite an inflammatory response
individual continues to remain on their feet, the tears and irritation worsens resulting in sharp, stabbing pain on the plantar surface of the affected foot
Medications, prescribed orthotics, and physical therapy may be prescribed to help alleviate the pain and combat the fasciitis
gout
arthritis that usually affects the big toe, “disease of kings”
gout caused by
nutrient-rich diets, hyperuricemia (increased levels of uric acid) can develop in the blood and cause crystal formations in the joints
crystal formation at the joints
crystallizations are needle-shaped and therefore cause severe pain in the affected joint
why does gout happen?
uric acid abounds because it is produced in large quantities, the kidneys are excreting it too slowly (which could lead to kidney stones)
or
it is a combination of both (
Doctors usually administer NSAIDs, corticosteroids, or both
to combat gout
Act conjointly in flexing thigh at hip joint and in stabilization of hip joint
psoas major
iliacus
Flexes, abducts and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint; flexes leg at knee joint
sartorius
Extend thigh at knee joint; rectus femoris can assist iliopsoas in some hip flexion
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
Adducts thigh
adductor longus
adductor brevis
Adducts thigh, flexes thigh, extends thigh
adductor magnus
Adducts thigh, flexes leg
gracilis
Adducts and flexes thigh; assists with medial rotation of thigh
pectineus
Extends thigh (especially from flexed position) and assists in lateral rotation steadies thigh and assists in rising from sitting position
gluteus maximus
Abducts and medially rotates thigh
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fasciae latae
Extend thigh and flex leg
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris
Dorsiflexes ankles and inverts foot
tibialis anterior
Extends digits 2-5 and dorsiflexes ankle
extensor digitorum longus
Everts foot and weakly plantarflexes ankle
fibularis longus
fibularis brevis
Plantarflexes ankles when the knee is extended, flexes leg at knee joint
gastrocnemius
Plantarflexes ankle independent of position of knee; steadies knee on foot
soleus
Plantarflexes ankle; inverts foot
tibialis posterior
Flexes phalanges, plantarflexes ankle
flexor digitorum longus
Flexes great toe, weakly assists in plantarflexion at ankle
flexor hallucis longus
