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Cadaver > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Tributaries of SVC

A 
External jugular veins
Internal jugular veins
Subclavian veins
Brachiocephalic veins
Posterior intercostal veins
Azygos vein
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2
Q

Fetus and placenta

A 
Thymus
Placenta
Umbilical cord
Umbilical arteries
Umbilical vein
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3
Q

Branches of aortic arch

A

Brachiocephalic artery
Common carotid arteries
Subclavian arteries

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4
Q

Branches of thoracic aorta:

A

Posterior intercostal arteries

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5
Q

Respiratory and Digestive Structures:

A 
Trachea
Main bronchi
Lungs
Secondary bronchi
Pleurae
Esophagus
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6
Q

lungs

A
  • Apex
  • Base
  • Root
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7
Q

Pleurae

A

Parietal pleurae
Visercal pleurae
Pleural cavities

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8
Q

Nerves

A

Vagus nerves
Phrenic nerves
Sympathetic trunk ganglion

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9
Q

left recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

branches off the vagus nerve

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10
Q

major vasculature in the thoracic cavity

A

superior vena cava (SVC), inferior vena cava (IVC), aortic arch, brachiocephalic trunk, common carotids, subclavian arteries, subclavian veins, and azygos vein.

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11
Q

venous blood

A

deoxygenated blood is brought TO the heart

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12
Q

arterial blood

A

oxygenated blood flow AWAY from heart

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13
Q

heart and lungs

A

2 important organs that help sustain life and propel “life fluid”, or oxygenated blood throughout the body

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14
Q

intrinsic conduction system

A

how blood flows through the heart, cardia output and stroke volume, and neural and hormonal inputs

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15
Q

function of heart

A

pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

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16
Q

right and left coronary artieries

A

bring oxygenated blood from the aorta and bran into the right & left sides of the cardiac muscle

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17
Q

blood transfuses through

A

the myocardium, and then the venous blood drains into the the coronary sinus and dumps into the right atrium to join the rest of the deoxygenated blood

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18
Q

neural input, hormonal signals, and intrinsic conduction system

A

control the rhythm of the heart contractions

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19
Q

with no neural input or hormones to affect sinus rhythm

A

the heart would beat an average of 100 beats per minute

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20
Q

how is it that the heart can generate its own sinus rhythm without neural stimulation?

A

it contains cells with an “unstable resting potential”, called cardiac pacemaker cells

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21
Q

cardiac pacemaker cells

A

aka autorhythmic cells

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22
Q

3 phases of action potential to initiate heart contractions

A

1) pacemaker potential
2) depolarization
3) repolarization

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23
Q

pacemaker potential

A

there is a slow opening of Na+ channels, while the K+ channels are closing, thus becoming more positive, initating action potential and entering the depolarization phase

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24
Q

membrane potential

A

~40mV, depolarization has began

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25
Q

Depolarization

A

Ca2+ channels open, causing increase in positivity, thus a peak, that is short lived (bc excitable cells)

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26
Q

Repolarization

A

membrane potential becomes more negative, the K+ channels open, allowing K+ to exit out of the cell.

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27
Q

Cycle begins again

A

when K+ channels begin to close, and Na+ channels begin to open again

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28
Q

Major concentration site of pacemaker cells

A

SA (sinoatrial) node, located in the right atrium

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29
Q

SA Node

A

is where sinus rhythm is established, it is the determinant of heart rate

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30
Q

Internodal path

A

within right atrium, that connects the SA node to the AV (atrioventricular) node

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31
Q

Impulse of the AP is carried along the internodal path

A

and pauses for 0.1 seconds at the AV nose, this allows the atria to contract, forcing blood into the ventricles

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32
Q

Impulse is then continued towards the AV node to the

A

bundle of HIS, located in the superior portion of the interventricular septum

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33
Q

From the bundle of HIS

A

the path is split into 2 bundle branches and continues along the interventricular septum towards the apex

34
Q

At the apex

A

each branch travels up their respective side and forms of network fibers, Purkinje fibers

35
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

located within the ventricular walls, the contractile cells of the ventricle become depolarized

36
Q

Total time from SA node initiation to the depolarization of the last contractile cells of the ventricle

A

0.22s

37
Q

What happens when our biological pacemaker cells no longer generate a normal sinus rhythm for the heart?

A

implant an artificial pacemaker to take over and continue the arduous task of sinus rhythm

38
Q

pacemakers are implanted

A

superficial to the left pectoralis major muscle and leads are inserted into the left subclavian vein, into the superior vena cava, then to the heart of the right atrium

39
Q

Pacemaker types

A
  • dual chamber pacemakers
  • biventricular pacemakeres
  • implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
40
Q

Arrhythmias uncontrollable via drugs

A

may require the use of a pacemaker

41
Q

bradycardia symptoms

A

exercise intolerance, fatigue, dizzy spells, & even circulatory collapse

42
Q

con of pacemakers

A

lead wears out, battery need changed

43
Q

pocket infections

A

chest-wall generator due to surgery to replace pacemaker

44
Q

Biological pacemaker

A

introducing specific ion channels into cardiomyocytes by gene transfer as well as the use of stem cells that were differentiated into cardiomyocytes

45
Q

normal cardiac output

A

5 L/min

46
Q

cardiac output equation

A

Q = HR X SV

47
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat, the force determines how much blood is pumped out

48
Q

stroke volume equation

A

SV = EDV – ESV

49
Q

EDV & ESV

A

end diastolic and systolic volume

50
Q

EDV

A

the amount of blood that has been collected in the ventricle prior to contraction (thus relaxation would be occurring).

51
Q

preload (degree of stretch)

A

EDV, myocardial walls stretching

52
Q

ESV

A

the amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction has occurred (thus contraction would be occurring)

53
Q

to increase SV

A

need to increase EDV and decrease ESV

54
Q

Frank-Starling Law

A

relationship between the degree of stretch and how it impacts SV

55
Q

average heart rate

A

70 bpm

56
Q

sympathetic stimulation

A

180-200bpm

57
Q

sympathetic trunk ganglion

A

send sympathetic stimulation to the heart

58
Q

vagus nerve

A

stimulate rest and digest

59
Q

2 major hormones produced by the heart?

A

atrial-natriuretic peptide (ANP) & brainnatriuretic peptide (BNP)

60
Q

ANP

A

produced and released from atrial cardiomyocytes, reduces blood pressure

61
Q

factors stimulating ANP

A

enlargement of the atria, increased levels of endothelin (a strong vasoconstrictor), and beta-adrenergic stimulation

62
Q

ANP blocks

A

catecholamine action, which would otherwise vasoconstrict the vessels and increase blood pressure

63
Q

ANP inhibits

A

hypertrophy by inhibiting norepinephrine-stimulated protein synthesis

64
Q

BNP

A

released by the ventricular cardiomyocytes when there is excessive stretching of the
ventricles

65
Q

patients with left ventricular dysfunction are usually indicative of heart failure

A

Elevated BNP levels

66
Q

thyroxine (T4)

A

action is to increase beta1 receptors, which respond to norepinephrine (a “fight or flight” hormone)

67
Q

beta1 receptors

A

will help increase heart contractility as well as heart rate, thereby increasing cardiac output

68
Q

atrial fibrillation, a type of cardiac arrhythmia

A

elevated levels of T4

69
Q

if volume increases

A

pressure decreases and vice versa

70
Q

we inspire, or breathe in

A

our inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles) will contract

71
Q

breathing in results in

A

diaphragm moving inferiorly and the rib cage elevating

72
Q

thoracic cavity needs to obtain a pressure lower than the atmosphere

A

thoracic cavity needs to obtain a

pressure lower than the atmosphere

73
Q

breath out

A

inspiratory muscles relax, which allows the diaphragm to move superiorly and the rib cage to move inferiorly, increased pressure!

74
Q

How is respiration controlled?

A

respiratory centers in brain: ventral respiratory group (VRG), dorsal respiratory group (DRG), and pontine respiratory group (PRG)

75
Q

VRG

A

located near the pons-medulla border and fires impulses during both inspiration and expiration
* inspiratory neurons fire, the signal is transmitted via the phrenic nerves and intercostal nerves to excite both the diaphragm & external intercostal muscles to contract, thereby increasing the volume wn the thoracic cavity

76
Q

DRG

A

located in the brain stem as well as the aortic arch and carotid arteries. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are some examples of chemicals that these receptors monitor
*behind the assimilation of input from chemoreceptors and stretch receptors,
and then furthers this communication with the VRG

77
Q

PRG

A

responsible for smoothing the transitions between inspiration
and expiration
*sleeping or exercise, and it too receives its information from sensory receptors, similar to the DRG

78
Q

if you go to the gym and are running on the treadmill

A

your chemoreceptors should be picking up lower oxygen. They should then send signals that get assimilated by the DRG, which then sends the information to the VRG and the VRG will send more excitatory impulses via the phrenic and intercostal nerves to contract the inspiratory muscles

79
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

depresses heart

80
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

increase HR and contractility; excessive can lead to life threatening heart dysfunctions

Cadaver (10 decks)

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