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Cadaver > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Forebrain (cerebrum)

A 
Longitudinal fissure
Sulci and gyri
Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Frontal lobes
Parietal lobes
Temporal lobes
Occipital lobes
Corpus callosum
Lateral ventricles
Olfactory tracts
Olfactory bulbs
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2
Q

Forebrain (diencephalon)

A 
Third ventricle
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Infundibulum
Pineal gland
Optic nerves
Optic chiasm
Optic tracts
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3
Q

Midbrain

A

Cerebral aqueduct
Corpora quadrigemina
Cerebral peduncles

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4
Q

Hindbrain

A

Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Fourth ventricle

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5
Q

Cerebellum

A

Vermis
Cerebellar hemispheres
Arbor vitae

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6
Q

Brain

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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7
Q

Cervical part of spinal cord

A 
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Dorsal roots - Dorsal root ganglia
Ventral roots
Cervical spinal nerves
Cervical enlargements
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8
Q

Cranial cavity

A 
Dura mater 
Cranial nerves (I-XII)
Internal carotid arteries
Diaphragma sellae
Medulla oblongata/spinal cord
Vertebral arteries
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9
Q

Dura mater

A

Dural septa
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli

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10
Q

calvaria

A

skullcap

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11
Q

wedge cute

A

cutting pattern not to scale

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12
Q

nervous system

A

receives, processes, and/or sends both sensory inputs and motor outputs of the body

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13
Q

nervous system is composed of two main parts

A

the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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14
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord, which is covered by protective layers called the dural layers or meninges

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15
Q

superficial to deep layers

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

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16
Q

Dura mater

A

is the thickest and strongest layer, it helps keep the brain and spinal cord in specific placement within the cranium and vertebrae, it protects both the brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

arachnoid matter

A

also aids in absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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18
Q

dura mater types

A

falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli

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19
Q

two cerebral hemispheres

A

cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, and basal nuceli (basal ganglia)

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20
Q

functional part of cerebral cortex

A

thin layer of neurons

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21
Q

each hemisphere receives sensory impulses from the opposite side of the body—

A

if your right hand touches a hot stove, that gets processed by the left side of the brain. Motor impulses are then dispatched from the left cerebral cortex to the right side of your body to quickly remove your right hand from the hot stove.

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22
Q

cerebral cortex requires

A

an intrinsic communicative ability with the deeper parts of the brain, especially the thalamus

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23
Q

thalamus & cortical

A

if the thalamus were damaged, there would be a greater loss of cerebral function experienced by the patient, compared to a patient who only experienced cortical damage. This is because the thalamus triggers excitation of the cortex to initiate cortical activity. Thus, both the cerebral cortex and the thalamus are often thought of as one functioning unit.

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24
Q

cycle of CSF

A
  1. formed by choroid plexuses from the blood plasma
  2. circulates through ventricles into subarachnoid space
  3. CSF flows through subarachnoid space
  4. returns to the dural venous sinuses via arachnoid villi
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25
Q

how often is CSF is replaced?

A

8 hours

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26
Q

major function of CSF

A

Support and cushion brain and cord; help nourish CNS organs

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27
Q

cerebral white matter

A

“contains fiber pathways” that provide a link between cerebral cortical areas (higher brain; cerebral cortex) with each other as well as with subcortical (lower brain; medulla, pons, cerebellum, diencephalon) structures.

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28
Q

Links in the brain

A

provide the brain a network of distributed circuits that enable sensorimotor function, intellect, and emotion

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29
Q

3 structures as cerebral white matter

A

the corpus callosum, the fornix, and the anterior commissure

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30
Q

basal ganglia

A

composed of different subcortical nuclei and work closely with other parts of the brain (including the cerebral cortex) by receiving and sending most input and output signals from the cerebral cortex

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31
Q

A large component of the basal ganglia includes

A

carrying out patterns of motor activity. Examples includes writing, throwing a ball, shooting a basketball, etc

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32
Q

basal ganglia play a role

A

in human behavior & emotions

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33
Q

used for communication with each other

A

cerebral white matter or basal ganglia, the cerebral hemispheres, cortical level, & subcortical level

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34
Q

The cerebral hemispheres contain 4 different lobes

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital

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35
Q

Frontal lobe

A

motor control, some speech, cognitive thinking and even some aspects of personality

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36
Q

functional areas specific to frontal lobes are

A

primarily motor areas
such as the primary motor cortex, frontal eye field, and Broca’s area (the part of our brain that helps us produce speech)

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37
Q

Prefrontal association area

A

incorporates cognitive thinking

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38
Q

Parietal lobe

A

reading, writing, calculations, and sensations, such as hot, cold, touch, or pain

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39
Q

Functional areas specific to parietal lobes are

A

primarily sensory such as the somatosensory cortex, also called the postcentral gyrus

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40
Q

Temporal lobes

A

hearing, speech, and memory

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41
Q

functional areas specific to temporal lobes

A

primarily sensory including auditory function areas

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42
Q

3 main gyri present in the temporal lobe

A

superior temporal gyrus (STG), middle temporal gyrus (MTG), and inferior temporal gyrus (ITG)

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43
Q

STG

A

contains an auditory association cortex and also helps process eye movements

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44
Q

MTG & ITG

A

both memory and language processing centers

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45
Q

Occipital lobe

A

processing vision input, the visual cortex

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46
Q

4 major lobes are separated by

A

grooves, or sulci

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47
Q

central sulcus

A

marks a border between frontal and parietal lobes

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48
Q

Parieto-occipital sulcus

A

marks a border between the parietal and occipital lobe

49
Q

Diencephalon, 3 components

A

epithalamus, thalamus, & hypothalamus

50
Q

epithalamus

A

helps to connect the limbic system and it contains the pineal gland, which is known for its melatonin secretions

51
Q

thalamus

A

important for communication with the cerebral cortex, it helps relay sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex for interpretation

52
Q

hypothalamus

A

carries a multitude of functions (collectively called “vegetative functions”), which are largely centered around the autonomic nervous system

53
Q

hypothalamus regulates

A

body temperature, food intake, water balance, thirst, circadian rhythms, hormonal outputs that act on the anterior pituitary gland, or synthesizing hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary

54
Q

cerebellum

A

processes information from the cerebral cortex by providing “instructions” based on both sensory & motor inputs that allow for coordinated muscles movements.

55
Q

Muscle movements processed by the cerebellum

A

running, playing an instrument, and even speech

56
Q

Brain stem

A

midbrain (mesencephalon), pons, and medulla

57
Q

3 function of the brain stem

A

1) a pathway to transmit information between the spinal cord and cerebrum
2) control of consciousness and vital functions (e.g. respiration)
3) contains many cranial nerve nuclei.

58
Q

midbrain

A

corpora quadrigemina, cerebral aqueduct, and cerebral peduncles

59
Q

corpora quadreigemia

A

contains 2 paired “bumps”, resulting in 4 “bumps” total, which contain visual and auditory reflex centers

60
Q

superior colliculus

A

The superior “bumps”, are move involved with vision

61
Q

inferior colliculus

A

inferior “bumps”, are more involved with hearing

62
Q

cerebral penduncles

A

bundles of nerve fibers that aid in transmission of information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum. Peduncle means, “little foot” in Latin, “little feet of the cerebrum”

63
Q

pons and medulla work together to

A

control many subconscious activities and reflexes of our bodies such as: regulation of arterial pressure and respiration, and reflexes such as the feeding reflex

64
Q

carpus callosum

A

the largest white matter structure in the brain, is a major connector of the cerebral hemispheres to enable communication between both sides of the cerebrum

65
Q

fornix

A

forms one of the major white matter tracts that makes up the limbic system and it aids in transferring afferent and efferent information between other brain structures

66
Q

fornix connects what structures?

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, and mammillary bodies

67
Q

limbic system

A

associated with controlling both our emotional as well as our motivational drives

68
Q

mammillary bodies

A

are part of the limbic system and help us process memory and smell.

69
Q

anterior commissure

A

important link between the cerebral hemispheres and is involved with processing acute pain sensations and smell

70
Q

hormone regulators

A

hypothalamus, especially hormones involved with controlling reproduction function, is connected to the pituitary gland by the infundibulum, and because of its connection, the hypothalamus releases “releasing hormones” to trigger hormone release from the pituitary gland

71
Q

pituitary gland

A

produces and releases important hormones involved with reproduction as well as hormones that regulate homeostatic functions of the body, such as blood pressure regulation or thyroid activity

72
Q

spinal cord

A

transmit both motor outputs and sensory inputs by rootlets, or roots, that are located on the ventral and dorsal side of the spinal cord

73
Q

ventral roots

A

carry motor output

74
Q

dorsal roots

A

carry sensory input

75
Q

ventral and dorsal roots

A

spinal nerves

76
Q

spinal nerves split into

A

ventral and dorsal rami

77
Q

The ventricular system of the brain is important for

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and circulation

78
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is important

A

for cushioning and protecting the brain, but also to assist in homeostatic regulations of the cerebral interstitial fluids and facilitate brain development

79
Q

choroid plexuses

A

clusters of anastomosing capillaries enclosed by pia mater and a layer of specialized cells called ependymal cells

80
Q

How can CSF exit the lateral ventricles and enter the third ventricles?

A

the interventricular foramen

81
Q

The CSF continues to flow from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle?

A

cerebral aqueduct

82
Q

how does it get to the spinal cord?

A

The CSF exits the fourth ventricle via specific foramen into the subarachnoid space.

83
Q

dural venous system

A

CSF will become reabsorbed into the dural venous system found within the dural layers surrounding the brain

84
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory nerve

-Sensory nerve, carries impulses of smell

85
Q

CN II

A

Optic nerve

  • Sensory nerve; carries afferent impulses for vision
  • Fibers arise from retina of eye to form optic nerve and passes through optic canal of orbit, then converges to form the optic chiasma and then continue on into thalamus where they synapse. From there, thalamic fibers run to carry the message of vision to the occipital cortex where it is then interpreted.
86
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor nerves

- Chiefly motor neurons and a few proprioceptive afferents

87
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear Nerves

-motor nerves

88
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal nerve; largest of the cranial nerves extending from pons to face
- sensory nerves

89
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

opthalamic - superior orbital fissure
maxillary - foramen rotundum
mandibular - foramen ovale

90
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens nerves

-Primarily motor; innvervates lateral rectus muscle

91
Q

CN VII

A

Facial Nerve

-Mixed nerves that are chiefly motor nerves with 5 branches

92
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear nerves
-Mostly sensory; transmits afferent impulses for senses of equilibrium (vestibular division), hearing (cochlear division)

93
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

  • Mixed nerves that innervate part of tongue and pharynx and provides parasympathetic motor fibers to parotid gland
  • Sensory fibers conduct taste and general sensory such as touch or pain from pharynx and posterior tongue, and from baroreceptors of carotid sinus
94
Q

CN X

A

Vagus nerve
-Mixed nerves; nearly all motor fibers are parasympathetic except for those serving skeletal muscles of pharynx and larynx

95
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory nerves

  • Mixed nerves; mainly motor, supplied to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid to move head and neck
  • Form rootlets that emerge from spinal cord; arise laterally from superior region of spinal cord (C1-C5) and pass upward along spinal cord and enters skull via foramen magnum.
96
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal nerves

-Mixed nerves but mainly motor; serves the tongue

97
Q

Arises as nerve fibers from olfactory epithelium in nasal cavity that goes through cribiform plate and synapses in olfactory bulb

A

olfactory nerve, CN I

98
Q

passes through optic canal (medial to superior orbital fissure) of orbit

A

optic nerve, CN II

99
Q

pass through bony orbit via the superior orbital fissure to the eye

A

oculomotor, CN III

100
Q

enter orbit via superior orbital fissure along with oculomotor nerves

A

trochlear, CN IV

101
Q

Sensory impulses from anterior forehead, upper eyelid, nose, nasal cavity and lacrimal gland

A

opthalamic division

superior orbital fissure

102
Q

Sensory impulses from nasal cavity, upper lip, and lower eyelid

A

maxillary division

foramen rotundum

103
Q

Sensory impulses from anterior tongue, lower teeth, skin of chin; also innervates some muscles of mastication (motor)

A

mandibular division

foramen ovale

104
Q

leave inferior pons and enter orbit via superior orbital fissure

A

abducens, CN VI

105
Q

from pons and enter temporal bone via internal acoustic meatus running within the bone through the inner ear cavity and emerges from stylomastoid foramen

A

facial, CN VII

106
Q

within inner ear of temporal bone and pass through internal acoustic meatus to enter brain stem at pons-medulla border

A

Vestibulocochlear, CN VIII

107
Q

from medulla and leave skull via jugular foramen towards throat

A

Glossopharyngeal, CN IX

108
Q

from the medulla, passes through the skull via jugular foramen, and descends through neck region into thorax and abdomen

A

vagus, CN X

109
Q

enters skull via foramen magnum

A

accessory, CN XI

110
Q

from medulla and exit the skull via the hypoglossal canal and travel towards the tongue

A

hypoglossal, CN XII

111
Q

Test this nerve by examining pupil shape and size with a penlight and also test eye movement by having patient follow objects with their eyes

A

CN III & CN IV

112
Q

eye will not move laterally

A

CN VI

113
Q

Test for nerve function by making facial expressions, taste ability, and tearing from ammonia fumes

A

CN VII

114
Q

parasympathetic impulses to the lacrimal glands, nasal and palatine glands, and submandibular and sublingual glands

A

facial nerve

115
Q

Use a tuning fork to assess hearing

A

CN VIII

116
Q

Check uvula position, gag and swallowing reflexes; swallowing will be impaired if this nerve is damaged

A

CN IX

117
Q

Injury to these nerves would result in head tilted downwards and difficulty shrugging

A

CN XI

118
Q

Injury would cause difficulties in speech and swallowing; unable to protrude tongue

A

CN XII

Cadaver (10 decks)

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